quinta-feira, 2 de janeiro de 2020


How to Melt Snow

Posted: 02 Jan 2020 12:00 AM PST

Snow can pile up quickly after a big storm and become a nuisance. Not only do you have to shovel the snow, you have to melt it as well to keep it away. Fortunately, there are tons of options when it comes to melting snow. Some methods are traditional and expensive, such as applying rock salt, while others are unorthodox and cheap, like using alfalfa meal or leftover coffee grounds. Whichever method you pick, you can make snow disappear in no time!

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Using Salt or Pellets to Melt Snow

  1. Use water softener salt pellets as a cost-effective way to melt snow. This material is sold at hardware stores and is relatively cheap. Spread the salt pellets evenly over your driveway before or after a snow storm. A bag of water softener salt pellets goes for around $6. Best of all, you only need to use one bag of these pellets per winter![1]
    Melt Snow Step 1.jpg
    • One benefit to using water softener salt pellets is that they do not damage asphalt.
    • Do not use this material if you have pets.
  2. Sprinkle pet-safe pellets onto your driveway. If you have pets, use this material instead of water softener salt pellets. Simply spread a few handfuls of these pellets evenly across the snow. While they are a bit more expensive than water softener salt pellets, they are much better for your pet's feet and fur. You can spread these pellets before it snows if you'd like.[2]
    Melt Snow Step 2.jpg
    • You can buy a bucket for about $65.
  3. Apply rock salt for a traditional way to melt snow. Rock salt remains an effective way to get rid of snow and is cheaper than pet-safe pellets. You can buy bags of rock salt at your local hardware store and spread it across your driveway before or after a storm to melt snow. Make sure to spread it evenly and don't overuse the salt. A little bit of salt goes a long way. Use per square foot (0.1 square meters) of your driveway to prevent snow from sticking to the ground. If you use too much salt, it could cause permanent damage to your asphalt driveway.[3]
    Melt Snow Step 3.jpg
    • You can get a bag of rock salt for around $10.
    • Do not use rock salt if you have pets. The salt can get into your pet's paws and cause redness and ulcers.

[Edit]Trying Alternatives to Salt

  1. Spread alfalfa meal over the snow to melt it and create traction. Alfalfa meal is mostly used as an organic fertilizer, but it makes for a surprisingly effective snow melter. Alfalfa meal's small amounts of nitrogen make it a good deicer. Use alfalfa meal sparingly, sprinkling only a few handfuls onto the snow in your driveway. You can spread the alfalfa meal before it snows as well.[4]
    Melt Snow Step 4.jpg
    • Alfalfa meal is pet friendly and you can get a bag for around $15.
  2. Try leftover coffee grounds to melt ice and snow. Coffee grounds are a pet-safe material that have nitrogen and acids in them that effectively melt snow. Scatter the grounds along your driveway right after you shovel the snow away, or before it begins to snow in the first place. If your sidewalks are icy, spread some grounds over them to add extra grip. Use all of the leftover grounds you have in your home to get the job done.[5]
    Melt Snow Step 5.jpg
    • Other materials that add traction to slippery surfaces include sand, wood ash, and sawdust. You can spread these material the same way you would coffee grounds. However, they can be harmful to your pets, so don't use them if you have a dog.
  3. Cover your driveway with plastic tarps before a storm comes. In the hours leading up to a storm, place plastic tarps along the pathways that lead from your driveway to your house and on your driveway itself. Depending on how much snow falls, you might have to shovel the snow off the tarp itself. If only fall, you can simply drag the tarp away from your driveway and push the snow off the tarp from there. You'll have to empty the tarp soon after the snow falls; otherwise the snow could freeze on the tarp if the weather stays below freezing.[6]
    Melt Snow Step 6.jpg
    • Make sure your cars are in your garage before you do this. You don't want to run over your tarp with your car and damage the material.

[Edit]Combining Water, Dish Soap, and Rubbing Alcohol

  1. Fill a bucket with about of hot water. Instead of using alfalfa meal, coffee grounds, or tarp, you can create a homemade snow melter and use it as an alternative to ice. The hotter the water is, the faster the snow will melt initially. While you can use warm water to melt the snow, hot water will be more effective. Let the faucet run for about 1 minute and place your hand under the stream to check the temperature of the water. When the water feels hot to the touch, place the bucket under the tap and fill the bucket until there's around in it.[7]
    Melt Snow Step 7.jpg
    • You don't need exactly to melt the snow, so don't spend extra time trying to fill up the bucket to the exact measurement.
    • This is a pet-safe option.
  2. Add of liquid dish soap and of rubbing alcohol. Measure the dish soap and rubbing alcohol in a spoon and pour the contents into the bucket. Use the same spoon to stir the mixture for 5 minutes to combine the water with the dish soap and rubbing alcohol.[8]
    Melt Snow Step 8.jpg
    • Make sure to wash the spoon thoroughly before using it again.
  3. Spread the solution across the snow. Take the bucket outside and pour the solution onto the snow. Evenly spread the mixture onto the steps of your home, the pathway leading up to your house, and your driveway. A little bit of this mixture goes a long way, so don't pour too much of the solution in one spot.[9]
    Melt Snow Step 9.jpg
    • Check back in 15 minutes to see how much of the snow has melted.
  4. Make the solution again and apply it multiple times. Mix hot water, dish soap, and rubbing alcohol together in that same bucket and go back over the front of your home and your driveway to melt as much snow as you can. Repeat the process of making this solution 3-4 times, or until you've made enough to cover most of your driveway.[10]
    Melt Snow Step 10.jpg
    • This is one of the cheapest methods to melting snow, but it is still effective nonetheless.

[Edit]References

How to Forgive

Posted: 01 Jan 2020 04:00 PM PST

Forgiveness is something that must be created. If done thoughtfully and effectively, it will transform the way you think, feel, and live your life. Approaching the challenge with an "I can do that" attitude will motivate you to face the challenge. By taking action, changing your thoughts, shifting your emotions and seeking guidance from numerous valuable sources you will know how to forgive others, and yourself.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Making the Decision

  1. Consider why you want to forgive this person. Forgiveness is a decision that should be made thoughtfully, especially if someone did something seriously wrong. Take time to think through your feelings and your reasoning, to better understand the situation.
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    • You want to resolve your own feelings of anger, confusion, or hurt.
    • You value your relationship with them, and believe that forgiving them is worth it.
    • They've shown a willingness to change their behavior, and you want to try again.
  2. Pay attention to whether they're willing to change their behavior. Have you given them the chance to change, by letting them know their actions hurt you? If so, are they working to adjust their behavior, or are they doing it again without caring how it's affecting you?
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    • For example, say that your sister made fun of your nose, and you told her that it hurt your feelings. Pay attention to whether she does it again.
  3. Choose to forgive because you want to, not because you have to. Forgiveness should be chosen freely, not reluctantly or under pressure. Forgiveness is a choice that you make for yourself, so don't let other people's ideas of what you "should" do pressure you into doing something that feels premature or just not right.
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    • If you aren't ready to forgive someone, you don't have to do it yet. If anyone pressures you, say "I'm not ready to forgive yet."
    • You do not owe forgiveness to anyone else. If you do not want to forgive them, that is your choice.
  4. Recognize the difference between forgiveness and foolishness. You may choose to forgive someone once, twice, or three times. But if they are repeatedly and knowingly hurting you, or if they have done something extremely terrible, then you should consider protecting yourself. If someone has shown that they will mistreat you again and again, or that they are willing to do you serious harm, then you need to protect your own well-being.
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    • For example, you can forgive an abusive father and choose not to talk to him ever again, because you know he would mistreat you.
    • For example, if your girlfriend yells at you and then apologizes and says she's working on controlling her temper, then you might decide to forgive her and continue dating her. If your girlfriend screams horrible abuse at you, or hits you, then you need to protect yourself and escape the relationship.
  5. When in doubt, take your time. Sometimes, it takes a while to untangle all your feelings and figure out what to do. That's okay. Give yourself time and space to process.
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    • Write in a journal about it.
    • Talk to a mentor or trusted person about the situation.
    • Express your feelings through artwork.
    • Spend some time focusing on something else, and come back later.

[Edit]Taking Action

  1. Reach out to connect. As life gets busy, it is difficult to stay in touch with friends. When a conflict has occurred to push people apart, that connection becomes even harder to salvage. If you want to forgive someone, then take the first step in the process by reaching out. This act alone will help you to feel more open and optimistic.
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    • It is always difficult to take the first step, and sometimes you need to give yourself a push. Simply tell yourself, "Here we go," and pick up the phone and make contact.
  2. Ask to be heard. Whether you decide to set up a face-to-face meeting with the person, or communicate via telephone or electronic device, the goal is the same: ask the person for time to express your thoughts and feelings about the conflict.
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    • Assure the person that you are open and willing to hear what she has to say as well. This will allow the person to feel more open about the forthcoming discussion.
    • If the person refuses to meet with you, do not despair. There are things you can do to move toward forgiveness regardless of whether the person complies. The act of forgiveness is designed to help you in the end. For example, use writing instead of direct contact to express your feelings and thoughts about the person. Writing in a journal helps to process your feelings and is effective.[1]
    • Journaling can help reduce anxiety and stress, as it is a healthy outlet for confusing or overwhelming emotions.[2]
  3. Discuss the issue. Some discussions in life are harder to have than others. When a conflict has occurred and negative feelings have grown, it is difficult to start the conversation. The goal would be to frame the conversation and guide it toward a peaceful resolution to manage the hurt and disappointment you are feeling.[3]
    Girl Talks About Feelings.png
    • First, thank the person for meeting with you.
    • Second, tell the person your goal is to hear each other's side of the story and come to some peaceful resolution so you both can move on.
    • Third, tell your side of the story. Make "I" statements to describe your thoughts and feelings, without making accusations.
    • Fourth, ask the person if there is anything else you can clarify for him before he provides the details of his side of the story.
    • Fifth, ask the person questions that will give you the necessary information to understand his intent, motives, thoughts and feelings.
  4. Apologize for your own mistakes. Most every conflict involves a misunderstanding or misconception of what someone did or said. There are things that you must do to loosen the tension in the situation. Taking responsibility for your role is an act that fosters the open communication that you want, and is necessary to reach a resolution.[4]
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  5. Accept the apology.[5] If you have discussed the situation and the person has extended a sincere apology, then accept it. Even if you have to force yourself to say the words, "I accept your apology," this is a large step toward creating a sense of forgiveness for yourself. Here are some examples of things you could say:
    Man Talks to Young Woman.png
    • "I accept your apology, and I forgive you."
    • "I appreciate you saying that. Friends?"
    • "Thank you for apologizing. I don't know if I'm ready to forgive you yet, but I will work on it. Please give me some time."
  6. Show your willingness to move on. If you must or want to maintain a relationship with this person, then your behaviors must demonstrate that you are serious. Your relationship will improve when you go through the process of forgiveness.[6] This includes not holding grudges and bringing up the past.[7] It also includes your willingness to laugh and be lighthearted around the person. Moving past a conflict is a huge relief. Let that motivate your actions toward being fair-minded and resolved.
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    • As time passes and progress is made, you may notice you are still allowing feelings of betrayal to affect the way you treat the person. Perhaps it happens during heated arguments or discussions. You may not have processed your hurt feelings and still have some work to do. This is a normal reaction and can be managed by talking about your feelings with the person involved, or someone else.

[Edit]Changing Your Thoughts and Emotions

  1. Practice empathy and compassion.[8] Both empathy and compassion can be learned. As with any new skill, you need to practice. If you are able to treat people the way you would like to be treated, you are more than half-way there.
    Man Hugs Teen Girl.png
    • Take the opportunity to practice compassion when out in public. If you see someone struggling getting into the doorway of a store, rush to open it. If you see someone that looks like she is having a bad day, smile and say hello. Your goal is to allow others to feel the impact of your good deeds.
    • Expand your empathy by talking and, most importantly, listening to people outside your social circle. Try to strike up a conversation with a stranger once a week. Go beyond small talk and try to (respectfully) inquire about their lives and experiences. This will broaden your worldview and help you become more understanding of others.[9]
  2. Work on understanding the person's behavior. Fear, insecurities and an inability to communicate are the impetus of many hurtful behaviors. Some people don't understand why they act certain ways because they have not explored the deeper inner-workings of their own behavior. Try to see if you can understand where they are coming from.
    Worried Adult with Upset Child.png
    • If you don't understand someone's behavior, you may be able to ask them why they acted the way they did. You could also talk to a trusted mentor, or even do a little research on why people act that way.
    • Remember that even if you understand the person's reasons, that doesn't mean they have an excuse for acting badly.
    • Keep in mind that you're not responsible for someone else's feelings or behavior. You can't make them become a better person. Sometimes, you need to be willing to tell yourself "here they go again" or "their attitude is not my problem."
  3. Question and adjust your perspective. You have probably been holding strong beliefs about a situation in which you were wronged by someone. Many times a person's perspective is askew and needs to return to a balanced state. It is important to keep things in perspective, especially if yours is causing you harm.
    Peaceful Person in Blue.png
    • Is this important? Will I care about it 6 months or 6 years from now?
    • Is this worth my time?
    • Could I be jumping to conclusions? Could there be circumstances I'm not aware of?
    • Is this issue important to me, or should I just let it go?
    • Are my feelings or behavior holding me back from better things?
  4. Try moving from resentment to gratitude. Over time, work on letting go of resentment, and looking for the upsides to the situation. Strong feelings are natural at first, but they can become toxic if you hold onto them forever. If you catch yourself falling into a trap of negativity, work on finding the good parts. This can help you reframe things and feel more positively about your life.[10] Here are some examples:
    Teen Boy with Hearts.png
    • "I'm glad that I've finally finished the semester, so I don't have to deal with that difficult professor again. She is not my problem anymore."
    • "I'm thankful that my dad and my therapist are supporting me while I leave this abusive relationship."
    • "I'm glad that my mom was willing to listen and take me seriously when I said her criticism was damaging our relationship. I hope this will the start of a positive change."
    • "I'm so happy that I have another chance to find love after I left behind a bad relationship."
    • "I'm glad that I get another chance with my boyfriend, and that he's making an effort to change his habits to treat me better. Things can become better than they were."
    • "I don't regret cutting contact with my toxic father. I'm so much happier now that he's not part of my life."
  5. Make a list of the benefits of letting go of resentment. Think about how feelings of resentment might be shaping your life now, and how letting go could change things. Here are some things you might consider for the list:
    Pencil and Paper.png
    • I can stop lying awake in bed, playing and replaying imaginary conversations in my head. Instead, I'll just sleep.
    • I can stop feeling like a victim, and start feeling empowered to control my own life.
    • I can say goodbye to a bad chapter of my life, and start focusing on creating a good one.
    • I can focus less on this person's past mistakes, and focus more on rebuilding a stronger relationship.
    • I can remember what happened without feeling helpless, and use the knowledge of what went wrong to help me spot and avoid similar problems in the future.
  6. Be patient with yourself. Especially if what happened was serious, then forgiveness might not be instantaneous. This is okay. Keep working on handling your feelings and taking care of yourself. Don't let other people, or any preconceived notions in your head, push you into doing something you aren't ready for. Try saying these to yourself, or to anyone who tries to pry:
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    • "I'm working on moving on, but I'm not there yet."
    • "I need time to process."
    • "I need time to work through my feelings. It's okay to take my time."
    • "I'm allowed to feel hurt."
    • "Forgiveness can't be rushed. It needs to happen in its own time."
  7. Engage in fun activities. You can learn to let go by rediscovering your playful side. When you play it allows you to be free from the negative thoughts you harbor about a conflict. Play and laughter can help you remain positive and optimistic through difficult situations.[11] Schedule time in your calendar at least once a week to play and have fun.
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    • Fly a kite
    • Try messing around with a new art form
    • Play with a pet
    • Hang out with friends
    • Play a board game with loved ones
    • Do something that you always wanted to try when you were younger, but didn't get to
  8. Diffuse your anger. Remaining in a state of anger and upset is unhealthy. Processing feelings of anger through physical activity or artistic expression are good alternatives for reducing anger, stress and anxiety. Anger must be released to move you toward feeling forgiveness. Here are some ideas:[12]
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    • Exercise: run, hike, lift weights, etc.
    • Express yourself through art
    • Meditate
    • Rip up paper from the recycling bin
    • Throw ice cubes into a bathtub to smash them
    • Draw an angry picture and rip it up
  9. Rebuild trust. When we let others into our lives we take a risk. Those same people can betray the trust that you have built together. An essential part of the forgiveness process is allowing someone to earn back your trust.
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    • Allow the person to show you they are reliable, truthful, and sincere. [13] Create opportunities for the person to show you. When you give a little, you may receive many positive rewards in return.
    • For example, consider accepting the person's invitation to go to the movies. This allows the person the opportunity to show up on time, treat you with respect and have a good time. Without your willingness to accept the invitation, you would not be witness to their sincere efforts to earn your trust.
    • Consider rebuilding trust in a way directly related to the harm done. For example, if they lied about where they went, have them check in by calling or texting so they can tell you where they are.
    • Remember to acknowledge when someone is making an effort to earn your trust. Consider thanking them for any efforts they make.
  10. Appreciate the learning experiences. People and opportunities come into your life to teach you something. Each experience prepares us to be smarter and more in tune with what we want out of life. We learn from the good and the bad.
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    • "I learned that it's not always a good idea to give a loan to friends, because it can hurt the relationship."
    • "I learned that not everyone is as careful with things as I am, so I should probably not lend treasured items to people who tend to break things."
    • "I've learned to interview potential roommates, so I can make sure that our lifestyles are a decent match."
    • "I learned to assume ignorance before malice. Sometimes people don't realize they're hurting my feelings."
    • "I learned that I can count on my dad to have my back during a crisis."
    • "I learned that I'm stronger than I thought I was."

[Edit]Seeking Help

  1. Find a therapist if you're struggling to cope. If you are having difficulty forgiving someone and it is impacting your life in a negative way, perhaps it is time to seek professional help from a counselor or therapist. Therapies intended to promote forgiveness have been successful in helping people overcome past hurts and achieve peace and resolution.[14]
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    • Obtain a referral or suggestion from your physician, health insurance company, or a trusted family member or friend. However, if that is not feasible, contact your local department of mental health about counseling options.
    • If you feel you and your therapist are not a good fit, look for a different therapist. Every therapist is different and finding one with whom you feel comfortable is essential.
    • Try a therapist who practices cognitive behavioral therapy.[15] Your therapist will help examine and dispel the negative thought patterns that you have developed.
    • Consider spiritual counseling. Many people find comfort in seeking help from spiritual leaders who can guide them toward forgiveness. The power of prayer has been successful toward healing and alleviating feelings of guilt and shame, which are motivators for people seeking forgiveness for various reason.[16]
  2. Set therapeutic goals for yourself. Commit to changing your behavior. In both psychotherapy and physical therapy, you will benefit from setting goals.[17] Engage in the process by allowing yourself to be open and vulnerable. Don't abandon the process just because it gets difficult. Your hard work will pay off and leave you with a healthy sense of accomplishment.
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    • Identify your objectives. For example, would you like to feel more at peace toward a family member who betrayed you? Tell the therapist that this is one of your goals.
    • Reward yourself when you reach your goal. Your motivation will increase if you reward your accomplishments.[18]
    • Adjust your objectives rather than give up.
    • Continue to make new goals as it will keep you engaged in life.
  3. Enhance your support system. Surround yourself with people who care about you. This includes family, friends, and co-workers. Branch out and meet new people to expand your circle of support. You have learned so much through the therapeutic process that you feel resourceful and confident. A good support system will help you reduce stress and may even boost your immune system.[19]
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    • Exploring your interests may lead to joining groups that allow you to meet new people, and experience new situations.
  4. Forgive and accept yourself. Personal struggles can leave you feeling bad about yourself. You may feel guilty for not taking care of yourself in a situation or you unfairly blame yourself for what happened. You can learn to manage feelings of guilt and shame rather than try to eliminate them.
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    • If you have chosen to participate in cognitive behavior therapy, it will help you examine your thoughts and develop new more effective ways of thinking about yourself.[20]

[Edit]Tips

  • Sometimes it helps to think of how others have forgiven under incredible circumstances. Ask friends for support and examples to motivate you toward forgiveness.
  • Studies have shown that forgiveness depends upon whether a person believes they must have an interaction with the offender. [21] You can decide if that is necessary for you to achieve forgiveness.
  • It is never too late, if you are willing, to seek professional help for your issues. Change is not easy, but it is possible if you are willing to put in the effort and find ways of coping with your challenges.[22]
  • Licensed therapists are trained to help others learn to manage the struggles that are impacting their lives.
  • Being honest and sincere when apologizing increases the chances that a person will be forgiven.
  • If you served in military combat and witnessed acts that were not in line with your morals, you will benefit from gaining the skill of self-forgiveness through therapeutic interventions.[23]
  • Put your best mental energies (perhaps first thing in the morning) into visualizing the new life you want. See yourself in the future as free of this pain and suffering.
  • Remember you're not perfect either, and empathise with why the person might have done what he did

[Edit]Warnings

  • Certain mental illnesses hinder a person's capacity to forgive. A psychopath may never experience shame or guilt for an offense, which are two factors that motivate forgiveness.
  • Unconditional forgiveness is not predicated on any act or request from the offender. The act of forgiveness is intended to free you from the rage, depression, and despair that nursing a grievance causes.
  • Forgiveness is hard, but living with a grudge is even harder. Keeping grudges bottled up can be very dangerous, and can hurt people in ways you might not have imagined.

[Edit]Related wikiHows

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

  1. http://psychcentral.com/lib/the-health-benefits-of-journaling/
  2. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=4552
  3. http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/86935769/managing-hurt-disappointment-improving-communication-reproach-apology
  4. https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200208/the-power-apology
  5. https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200208/the-power-apology
  6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156929/
  7. http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/forgiveness/art-20047692
  8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1484804/
  9. http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/six_habits_of_highly_empathic_people1
  10. http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/pdfs/GratitudePDFs/5Watkins-GratitudeHappiness.pdf
  11. http://www.helpguide.org/articles/emotional-health/benefits-of-play-for-adults.htm
  12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1402378/
  13. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JSM-01-2013-0005
  14. http://transformationalchange.pbworks.com/f/Forgiveness+in+Therapy.pdf
  15. http://www.helpguide.org/articles/anxiety/therapy-for-anxiety-disorders.htm
  16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802370/
  17. http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=ojot
  18. http://rer.sagepub.com/content/64/3/363.short
  19. http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/explore-healing-practices/social-support
  20. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0501/p785.html
  21. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886912002620
  22. http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/when-change-hard
  23. http://journals.biola.edu/jpt/volumes/40/issues/4/articles/274

How to Budget Your Money

Posted: 01 Jan 2020 08:00 AM PST

A budget could help you crush your outstanding debt, take charge of your financial future and even become a happier, more relaxed person. Depending on your circumstances, a proper budget may not require that you spend less. Instead, you may simply have to make more effective financial decisions.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]Budgeting Help

[Edit]Tracking Your Income and Expenses

  1. Gather what you need to start tracking your spending history. Collect past bills, bank and credit card statements, and receipts that can allow you to put together an accurate estimate of how much money you spend every month.
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  2. Consider using software to help you budget. Personal finance software is quickly becoming the new trend in finance. These programs have built-in budget making tools that can help customize your budget, along with analytics that help you project cash-flow into the future and better understand your spending habits. Some popular personal finance software include:
    Budget Your Money Step 2 Version 3.jpg
    • Mint
    • Quicken
    • AceMoney
    • BudgetPulse
  3. Create a spreadsheet. If you choose not to use a budgeting software, you can determine your own budget by using a simple spreadsheet. Your goal is to chart all your expenses and income during the course of a year, so make a spreadsheet that shows all your information clearly, allowing you to quickly identify any areas where you can spend smarter.[1]
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    • Label the row of cells across the top (starting with cell B1) with the 12 months of the year.
    • Create a column of expenses and revenues in column A. You can list either revenues or expenses first, but try to group expenses together and revenues together to avoid confusion.
    • You may want to group expense together with category headings. For example, you might have a category of "utilities" that includes your electric, gas, water, and telephone bills.
    • Decide whether you want to include items that are deducted directly from your paycheck such as insurance, retirement savings, or taxes. If you do not include them on your spreadsheet, be sure that you list your net (post-deduction) income rather than your gross (total, pre-deduction) income under the "revenue" section.
  4. Document your historical budget data for the last 12 months. Add all of your expenses and revenues for the past 12 months, using data from your bank and credit card statements to provide an accurate representation of all of your revenues and expenses.
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  5. Determine your overall monthly revenue history. Are you on a fixed salary where you know for certain how much you're taking home each week? Are you a freelancer whose salary varies each month? Documenting a year's history can help you get an accurate view of your average monthly revenue. [2]
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    • If you are an independent contractor or freelancer, keep in mind what you bring home is not the same thing as what you earn. For example, you may bring home $2,500 every month, but that's pre-tax. Figure out how much you're likely to need to pay in taxes and subtract that from your monthly income to arrive at a more accurate number.
    • If you are a salaried employee, don't factor in a possible tax refund into your overall income. Your monthly income should reflect only what you bring home after taxes. If you do get a tax refund, you'll get to do with it as you please; if you don't, you won't need to worry about it.
  6. List all of your monthly expenses on the spreadsheet. What are the bills that you have to pay every month? How much do you spend every week on groceries and gasoline? Do you go out to dinner with friends every Friday night or to the movies once a week? How much money do you spend on shopping? Tracking a year of actual spending will help you develop an accurate view of your spending habits, since most people underestimate the amount they believe they spend every month.[3]
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  7. Analyze your revenue and expenses. If your expenses are greater than your revenue, you are living way beyond your means. Your budget should be divided into two groups:
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    • Fixed Expenses. These include regular monthly expenses such as bills, insurance, loan debts, food, and necessary shopping items like clothing and household products.
    • Discretionary Expenses. Discretionary expenses are unfixed expenses that may be "optional." Items that fall into this category include savings, entertainment, vacation funds, and other luxuries.

[Edit]Creating Your Budget

  1. Create a preliminary budget. The history established in Part 1 will help you create an accurate preliminary budget. You should calculate your fixed expenses and revenue, then decide how you want to spend your discretionary money.
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    • To calculate fixed expenses, take an average for each month over the past year, then add about 5%. For example, if your power bill varies seasonally but averages to $210 per month, you should estimate the bill at $220 per month.
    • Be sure to account for changes to fixed expenses, such as paying off a student loan or adding a payment for a new car.
  2. Set goals for the bulk of your discretionary spending. Now that you have determined how much discretionary money you should have leftover every month, decide how you want to spend that money. Your goal should be clear, explicit, and actionable. Some short-term goals may be:
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    • Save $8,000 in an emergency savings fund
    • Put 5% of each paycheck in a savings account
    • Pay off credit card balances in 12 months
    • Save $6,000 for an anniversary vacation
  3. Maximize tax advantages. There are ways of saving money that can offer tax benefits. If you put money directly from your paycheck into a 401(K) or personal IRA, the money can be deducted prior to being subject to taxes. Some companies even offer partial matching for retirement contributions, which can make your savings go even further.
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  4. Budget out the rest of your discretionary spending. This part of your budget is all about identifying values. What values do you have and how do you want to spend your money to realize them? Money, after all, is a means to an end, not an end in itself.
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    • What sort of a person are you, and what do you like to do? Many people end up spending money on hobbies, interests, or charities. Think of this as investing in an experience or feeling of satisfaction.
    • Think about what makes you really happy. A popular theory is people who spend money on experiences are actually happier than people who spend money on possessions.[4]
    • Consider setting aside more money for travel and vacation.

[Edit]Becoming a Budget Pro

  1. Stick to your budget and don't overspend. This is the first rule of budgeting, and pretty much the only one. It sounds fairly obvious, but it's easy to go over budget, even when you have one in place. Be mindful of your spending habits and what your money is going towards.[5]
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  2. Try to reduce your expenses. Larger expenses can be the most unpleasant but most effective ways to stay within a budget. If you take an annual vacation, consider staying home this year. Smaller expenses can also add up.
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    • Try to identify and cut back on any expensive luxuries you enjoy. If you enjoy a weekly massage or have a preference for expensive wine, cut down on the frequency of these treats so you're spending money on them only once a month or once every second month.
    • Save money on smaller expenses by switching to generic brands and eating home more often. Try not to go out to eat more than one or two times every week.[6]
    • See if you can reduce any of your fixed expenses by switching to a less expensive cell phone plan, reducing your television package, or improving your home's energy efficiency.
  3. Treat yourself periodically, but within reason. Your money has to work for you, not the other way around. You don't want to feel like a slave to your budget, or to money in general, so it's important to allow yourself a small treat every month that won't break your budget.
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    • Don't abuse your own rewards system to the point where it gets counterproductive and ends up affecting your budget. The idea is to treat yourself to smaller, cheaper items like a latte or a new shirt and to avoid splurging on more expensive items like a vacation or a pricey pair of shoes.
  4. Pay off credit card balances every month. If you use credit cards, you should try to keep them at a zero balance every month to avoid costly fees. If you cannot pay off the current balances, prioritize paying them off within a reasonable time period so that you can get to zero balances.
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    • Try switching to cash payments for most weekly purchases—particularly "extras" like eating out or coffee shop lattes. This can help you control your spending, as people are more aware of the money they're spending when using cash than when swiping a card.
  5. Cut your taxes. Take better advantage of itemized deductions when you file your taxes every year.
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    • Start keeping your receipts, especially if you're an independent contractor and work from home or remotely. There are many amenities you can expense as part of your contract work when doing your taxes.[7]
    • It's a good idea to research ways to get a better tax refund as a contractor or ask your accountant how you can get a better refund.
  6. Appeal your home assessment. If you're a homeowner and have sufficient evidence, you might be able to cut your real estate taxes by challenging the value that a home assessor puts on your property.
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  7. Don't count on windfalls. Don't factor in potential (unsure) sources of revenue, such as year-end bonuses, inheritances, or tax refunds. You only want to include guaranteed money in your budget.
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[Edit]Tips

  • Save your loose change in a jar and then take it into the bank to be rolled. You'll be surprised how your small change can add up.[8]
  • Avoid debt in the form of high-interest credit cards and payday loans, as they will incur high interest and end up costing you quite a bit of money, especially if you will struggle to pay off your bill on time, every month.[9]

[Edit]Related wikiHows

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

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