| How to Train an Abused Dog Posted: 27 Mar 2018 01:00 AM PDT Dogs who've suffered abuse may be withdrawn, depressed, inactive, and distrustful. While not all fearful and shy dogs have been abused, abuse can make the dog hesitant and nervous around humans. While it takes time to help a pup overcome its past, abused dogs can become loving pets if the right person comes into their life. If you've rescued an abused dog, then you'll likely want to train it. Before you can train your dog, you need to take care of the dog's health and safety so that it can learn to trust you. Then you will be able to housebreak your dog, teach it basic commands, and help it overcome its past. EditTraining Your Dog to Trust You - Give the dog time to get comfortable in its new home. When you first bring the dog home, expect it to be afraid and upset. Don't crowd the dog or pressure it to explore, even if you've provided a nice set up. Bring the dog to a comfortable, safe space in your home, such as an alcove in your living room, and let the dog get used to your home on its own time. Over time, it may be ready to explore.[1]
- If you think it's best to not leave the dog alone, you can sit in the room with it while it adjusts. However, you don't want to hover over the dog or overwhelm it.
- Offer the dog treats and calm praise.
- While the dog is adjusting, try not to stare at the dog or make sudden movements. Keep a quiet environment. Turn down the volume on music and TV. Loud, sudden movements or staring could frighten the dog.
- Acclimate the dog to your presence if it's afraid of you. Some abused dogs are afraid of people. You can help the dog get used to you by sitting in the room with the dog but at a comfortable distance. Occasionally, speak to the dog in a calm, loving tone. When the dog gets comfortable, move a little closer until you can sit next to the dog.
- When petting the dog, do not touch the top of its head. Instead, let the dog sniff your hand. If the dog lets you, gently stroke the underside of their jaw. If the dog leaves or shrinks away, stop petting the dog immediately.
- Do not hug or put your arms around the dog until it is completely comfortable around you. The dog may take this as a sign of aggression.
- Be sure to show your dog lots of love once it starts to warm up to you.[2]
- Build positive experiences with your dog. You can teach your abused dog that it can have a positive relationship with a human through having good times together. Have fun with your dog by taking it on walks, playing with it, and petting it. Choose activities that don't trigger the dog's past abuse experiences.[3]
- Some dogs may like to be brushed. Just make sure to go slowly and stop if the dog growls or moves away.
- If your dog doesn't like to play, that's okay. As long as you're spending time with the dog, it will help the dog become more open to training.
- Limit triggers that could provoke your dog to react. Most dogs have triggers, such as being afraid of the mailman, but an abused dog will likely have many more triggers than a typical dog. These triggers should be avoided. Typical triggers for abused dogs include the following:[4]
- Sudden movement.
- Yelling.
- Loud noises.
- Using phrases they commonly heard from their abusers.
- Threatening gestures.
- Touching the dog in the areas where it was wounded.
- Raising items that could be used as a weapon.
- Using deep or loud voices around the dog.
- Contact a dog trainer or behaviorist if the dog growls or snaps at you. Abused dogs may be extremely fearful, which means that they are more likely to bite. If your dog growls, snaps, or runs from you, you should get professional help. Contact a dog trainer, veterinarian, or a Certified Animal Behaviorist for help.[5]
- Signs of a scared dog include heavy panting, urination, whining, growling, pacing, or showing the whites of its eyes.
- Never leave a child alone or unsupervised with a fearful dog. The dog could bite the child.
EditHousebreaking an Abused Dog - Follow a schedule. You need to take your dog out to relieve itself at the same time each day. For example, you may take your dog out after you get up, at lunch, right after work, and in the evening before you get ready for bed.[6]
- Dogs should be taken out 3 to 5 times a day. Smaller and younger dogs require more walks then larger breeds. However, since your dog has been abused, it may require more trips outside. Just make sure to keep the dog on a leash while outside of a fenced yard.[7]
- Avoid punishing the dog for accidents. It's normal to come home to accidents, but there's no point in punishing the dog for them. Once the dog has walked away from the accident, it won't understand why you are upset with it. If you do yell or put the dog's nose in it, you will only risk triggering the dog.[8]
- Clean up any messes quickly. Make sure to use an enzymatic cleaning agent (available at most pet stores) to remove the smell so that the dog does not return to the spot.
- Remember that you should never yell at or punish an abused dog.
- Interrupt accidents you catch and take the dog outside. If you catch the dog in the middle of an accident, make a noise like "whoops" to get the dog's attention. Then take the dog outside to finish.[9]
- Be careful when you do this, however, since you don't want to trigger the dog. Use a calm tone of voice and choose one non-threatening word to use every time it happens.
- Be aware that you may get urine or feces on you when you do this.
- Reward the dog for not having accidents. When the dog successfully waits to go outside, give it a treat for waiting. You should also praise it with statements like, "Good dog" and "Awesome job, buddy."[10]
EditTeaching Basic Commands - Use a calm voice when training your dog. Chances are, your abused dog has been yelled at in the past. Berating it or shouting commands will only make the dog more resistant to training, derailing your efforts. No matter what, keep your voice calm and steady.
- Yelling at an aggressive dog that has been abused may cause it to be more aggressive, as the dog thinks it's fighting for its survival.[11]
- Set your dog up for success in its training or play exercises. Before you start teaching it obedience tasks or harder skills, you need to show your dog that it can be successful. Plan training sessions that make it easy for the dog to accomplish the task at hand. Then provide the dog with treats and praise.[12]
- Keep sessions under 5 minutes at a time. Reduce distractions in the room. If the dog gets bored or if its attention wanders, stop and try again another time.
- When offering praise, remember not to shout or yell at the dog, even if it's positive words.
- Avoid putting your dog into situations where you know it will fail.[13]
- You can set your dog up for success by giving it a task you already know it can do, then rewarding it. For example, if your dog knows how to sit, start there.
- You could also ask your dog to bring you its favorite toy if it has one or to bring its leash if it likes to go on walks. When it does the task, give loads of praise and a treat.
- Use rewards rather than punishment. Never under any circumstances punish a dog that has been abused. Instead, you should give it treats, love, and toys in exchange for successful behavior.
- Don't yell at the dog.
- Never hit the dog.
- Don't withhold affection or praise.
- Don't give time outs.
- Teach obedience skills. Start with basic commands to sit, stay, lay down, and heel. Stand in front of your dog and make eye contact. When it is looking at you, hold a treat out over its nose. Say, "Rover, sit." When the dog obeys the command, give it the treat.
- Start with 5 minute training sessions. If your dog does well, increase this to 10-15 minutes.
- If your dog already knows some of the basic commands, give it lots of praise and rewards to show it that you are happy.
EditTraining the Dog to Overcome Its Past - Use clicker training. Clicker training is a great training technique that rewards your dog for good behavior. Start by clicking and giving the dog a treat. Do this a few times until the dog expects a treat when it hears the click. Then ask your dog to do something it knows how to do, such as sit or get its favorite toy. Click and give the dog a treat.[14]
- Continue to click when your dog does something you like and provide a treat.
- Once it learns how the clicker works, you can use clicker training to teach new skills.
- You can use clicker training to reinforce good behavior or to train your dog to obey commands.
- You can find a clicker at a pet store or online.
- Use counter conditioning to teach the dog to accept things it fears. Counter conditioning uses something your dog loves to help it get used to the thing it hates. For example, you might feed the dog next to one of its triggers or place its favorite toy next to it. At first, you need to place the item far away from the trigger, but close enough that the dog is aware of the trigger. As the dog gets used to being near the trigger, slowly move the good thing closer until it's on top of or next to the trigger.[15]
- For example, if your dog is afraid of the vacuum cleaner, you could place its food in a room with the vacuum cleaner. As your dog gets more comfortable, move the food closer and closer until it's on top of the vacuum.
- Begin desensitization once your dog has begun making progress. Your dog should feel safe with you and in its new home. Desensitization may be an option after your dog has responded well to clicker training or counter-conditioning. In fact, desensitization and counter-conditioning work well together.[16]
- To desensitize your dog, identify your dog's trigger. Choose the one you'd like to focus on, and then expose the dog to the trigger in a safe environment. Your dog should be exposed for 5 minutes at a time. Start by placing the item far away but where the dog can see it, and reward the dog for tolerating it. Over time, move the trigger closer to the dog until it gets used to it.[17]
- When using desensitization, make sure your dog does not encounter the trigger when you aren't doing a training session.
- Talk to your vet about medications that can relieve your dog's fear. In extreme cases, your vet can prescribe medication to help your dog stay calm. If your dog's fears are preventing it from making any progress or are interfering with your dog's life, it may be an option. Talk to your vet for more information.[18]
- These medications are often similar to anti-anxiety medications that humans would take.
- Medications are not a replacement for behavioral training and socialization. It may take a few weeks for the medication to start taking effect. Continue with your dog's conditioning and training schedule.
EditTaking Care of Your Dog's Health and Safety - Satisfy all of your dog's needs. Provide your dog with food, shelter, toys, and love no matter what happens with your training efforts. An abused dog should never have anything withheld from it, as this can set it back.[19]
- For example, do not deny the dog affection, lock it in a kennel, or take away a toy because it doesn't obey a command or has an accident on the floor. Similarly, refill the dog's food and water immediately if it is spilled or ruined, rather than trying to punish the dog by making it wait.
- Your dog also needs to exercise every day, so plan walks and play sessions into your day. Follow your dog's lead with how you exercise it, as some abused dogs will resist certain activities.[20]
- Take your dog for regular visits to a veterinarian. All dogs need vet care, but an abused dog may have special needs. Make sure that you take the dog in for regular checkups. Follow all of the vet's instructions in providing treatments. Since your dog may be especially afraid of the vet, look for a vet that is experienced with abused dogs and create an environment that is as calm as possible.
- Call ahead to let your vet know that your dog has been abused in the past.
- Keep your dog safe. Your dog has been through a lot, and now it's up to you to keep him safe. Over time, this will help your dog be more open to training. This includes providing the dog with a "safe space" where it can go if it's feeling overwhelmed.
- Avoid pressuring the dog to venture outside its comfort zone.[21]
- Tie a yellow ribbon onto the dog's leash to keep strangers away. If the dog is afraid of strangers, tie a yellow ribbon around its leash to signal it shouldn't be touched. Since not everyone is aware of this signal, you should also verbally communicate this need to anyone who gets close to your dog or compliments it. Say, "Please don't come any closer to him, as he may bite."[22]
EditKeeping Your Efforts on Track - Keep your expectations in check. It may take years to help an abused dog overcome its past and become a family-friendly pet. Sometimes, the dog never fully recovers. While you may be hoping for a miracle, be prepared to invest a lot of time in training the dog.
- Expect it to take at least a year for your dog to become a family pet.[23]
- Set lower expectations so that you aren't disappointed.
- Be patient with your pup. Your dog is struggling to overcome its past, so consider each improvement a milestone. It may seem like your dog is not making any progress, but try to remember where its been.[24]
- If you feel yourself getting upset, take a break. It's better to walk away from the situation than to risk showing your frustration to the dog, who may experience a setback.
- Realize that dogs abused as puppies will struggle to trust. Older dogs who have experienced a loving environment in the past may overcome abuse more easily than dogs who've experienced abuse since birth. You will likely need to spend more time working with a dog abused as a puppy, and it may never fully recover.[25]
- Don't give up on your pup, and continue to treat it kindly.
- Keep your expectations in check. Your dog may never fully recover from its past, but it can still be a great pet.
- It is okay if your dog prefers certain family members over others or if the dog hides from guests. Try to accommodate your dog's needs. Do not force the dog to play or socialize with people that it is fearful of.
- Remind yourself why you're training the dog. Helping the dog overcome its past may be hard, but giving a dog a new lease on life can be a meaningful experience. If you are struggling to continue with training, take a few moments to think about what made you start.[26]
- Accept that the dog may not want to play. Even play can be difficult for your dog, especially since it may not have learned how to play as a young dog. It's likely fearful and so consumed with avoiding further trauma that it doesn't even think of play as an option. Give it time and it may warm up to the idea of having play time.[27]
EditSources and Citations
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| How to Track Mileage Without an Odometer Posted: 26 Mar 2018 05:00 PM PDT Whether you've got a busted odometer or you'd just rather not have to do a lot of mental gymnastics to calculate your annual mileage for work-related tax deductions, there are a couple simple ways to find out how many miles you're averaging. Downloading a mileage tracker app for your smartphone can take all the guesswork out of adding up your drive time by automatically ticking off the miles while you're on the road. If you only make the occasional business trip, consider simply plotting out your route and recording the estimated distance in advance. EditUsing a Mileage Tracker App - Download a mileage tracker app. Sophisticated, feature-packed programs like TripLog and MileIQ make it easy for users to keep up with how far they've traveled on a given trip. There are also more affordable options for those who are just interested in documenting distance without a lot of extra bells and whistles, such as Mileage Expense Log and Klicks.[1]
- Many of the more reputable apps require you to pay a small one-time charge, or a monthly subscription fee. This can be well worth it to people who drive a lot and would rather not have to tally up their mileage the old fashioned way.[2]
- Not all of these apps may be available on your phone's operating system. If you have a serious need to track your mileage, it may be a good idea to upgrade or switch models.
- Choose your preferred tracking mode. Most apps feature an auto-tracking feature that begins recording as soon as you're in motion. Others allow for more manual control, including options to start and stop the tracker at will or set a specified beginning and endpoint for each individual trip.[3]
- Auto-tracking can come in handy if you tend to be forgetful about inputting important app info yourself.
- Take some time to familiarize yourself with what your chosen tracker can do before you take it on the road with you.
- Drive to your destination. Once you've decided which mode best suits your needs, start your engine. The tracker will log each mile you travel, updating you in real time. All you have to do is drive.
- Mileage tracker apps use GPS signals to follow your movement along a certain route. Some may even offer turn-by-turn navigation to help you find your way around!
- Due to the amount of processing power required to keep them updating, these apps can drain your phone's battery pretty fast. Make sure you're fully charged before you head out, or keep a portable charger in the car with you.[4]
- Stop the tracker once you get where you're going. If you're in auto-tracking mode, the app should stop running when the car does. Otherwise, you'll need to press the "stop" or "end route" button to indicate that your journey is over. In either case, it's good to check—there can sometimes be a small margin of error in the tracker's ability to gauge the vehicle's movement.[5]
- If you forget to stop or reset your tracker, you may end up with an inaccurate number.
- Record or archive your mileage for future use. At the end of your trip, the app will display an overview of how far you've traveled, your total time in the vehicle, and even an estimate of how much of a write-off the trip was worth. Be sure to log your data so you can refer back to it come tax season or time for scheduled maintenance.[6]
- You'll usually have the option of exporting your trip statistics as a PDF or CSV file that you can then email to yourself, or you can sync your data to the cloud and check it anytime you want.[7]
- If you opt to convert your mileage to a document, print it out at your earliest convenience. Having a physical copy will prevent you from losing your information in the event that the app crashes or you misplace your phone.
EditEstimating Your Travel Distance - Plot out your intended route. Determine the best way to get where you're headed. The simplest way to do this is to plug your destination into your phone or GPS. You might also look up possible paths on a roadmap, if you're somewhere without a reliable connection.[8]
- Since this method is somewhat less precise, it's best reserved for professionals taking the occasional business trip or those who don't need to document their driving habits frequently enough to pay for an app.
- Pay attention to how far you're going. Most smartphone-based navigation apps will display the exact mileage beside each individual route. With a traditional map, you'll need to use the scale and other elements of the key as a guide to find your overall distance. The important thing is that you have an approximate number in mind to serve as a metric.[9]
- Read roadmap scale carefully to make sure you understand it. On a standard driving map, the scale will usually be about 1 : 250,000. This means that 1" of distance on the map is equal to roughly 3.95 miles of highway.[10]
- Don't forget to factor in the distance of your return trip, as well. If everything goes without a hitch, you can simply double the number listed on the map.
- Drive to your destination. For now, just focus on sticking to your scheduled timeframe and following the rules of the road. You can go back and make detailed calculations later on. Don't attempt to tab out your mileage while operating a vehicle, as this could lead to accidents.
- Account for any extra miles along the way. If you happen to run into a detour, or you're forced to turn around to pick up a coworker with a flat tire, make a note of it. To be as accurate as possible, program unforeseen detours and side trips into your GPS so you'll have a concrete figure to work with.[11]
- Use your best judgment to approximate the additional distance when strict recordkeeping isn't important—it doesn't have to be exact as long as it's in the right ballpark.
- If you're tracking your mileage for tax purposes, don't include any non-business-related stops you feel compelled to make, such as personal visits or sightseeing adventures to out of the way places.[12]
- Write down your total estimated mileage. Adding the number of unexpected miles to your original projected mileage will paint a picture of the amount of ground you've covered since you started out. Be sure to hold onto this number for your records.[13]
- Add up each individual outing as you go over the course of a year to find your annual mileage. Note this figure in the margins. It can be a big help come tax time.
- Odometers are imperfect instruments. In many cases, there won't be a significant difference in the mileage you work out for yourself and the one given by your vehicle, as long as you're careful.[14]
- Having an idea of your mileage can be useful for writing off business-related travel expenses or knowing when to bring your vehicle in to have work done.
- Use other commuting clues, like interstate mile markers or the number of times you've refilled your gas tank, to get a better sense of how far you've gone.
- Purchase a trip diary and stash it in your vehicle's glovebox. That way, you'll be able to jot down your mileage on the move so you won't forget it later.
- Be wary of free mileage tracker apps. These typically use less precise trip metrics, and are often loaded with intrusive advertisements.
EditThings You'll Need - Smartphone
- Mileage tracker app
- Roadmap
- Pen and paper
- Calculator (optional)
- Trip diary (optional)
EditSources and Citations
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| How to Develop Film in a Darkroom Posted: 26 Mar 2018 09:00 AM PDT Film photography is a great way to capture personal, unique, and long-lasting photographs. The first step in turning the captured exposures on your film camera into physical prints is developing the film. Taking the time to develop your film correctly is critical if you want your prints to turn out beautifully. To develop your film, you'll need some basic photography tools and chemicals, as well as access to a dark room. EditIn a Hurry? Before you develop your film, remove it from the cassette in total darkness and load it onto a film reel. Then, place the film reel in a film tank and close the tank. Turn on the lights and fill the tank with 1 part developer and 1 part water. Agitate the film periodically for several minutes, and then dump out the developer. Fill the tank with stop bath, and then fixer to finish developing your film. Rinse the film with water, soak it in a wetting agent for 30 seconds, and then hang it up to dry. For tips on storing your film until you're ready to make prints with it, read on! EditLoading Your Film - Take the roll of film you want to develop out of your camera. Depending on the kind of camera you're using, you may need to rewind the film into the cassette using the handle on the side of the camera. Don't open the film once you take it out or the light will ruin all of your pictures.[1]
- Bring your film into the darkroom and set up your work area. Don't worry about turning the lights off yet. Since you'll be working in complete darkness, you want to set up beforehand so everything you need is right in front of you. To load and develop your film negatives, you will need:[2]
- A film reel. The reel is what you'll load the film onto once you take it out of the cassette.
- A film tank. A film tank is a sealable plastic container that you'll develop the film negatives in.
- A cassette opener. You'll use the cassette opener to open the film so you can load it on the reel.
- Scissors. You'll need scissors to cut the film off the cassette.
- Turn off the lights and open the film cassette with the opener. At this point, there should be no light in the darkroom. If you can see in front of you, there's too much light. To open the cassette, hook the edge of the lid under the cassette opener. Then, bend the cassette to the side until the lid pops off.[3]
- Make sure your phone is turned off and put away so it doesn't light up and ruin the film.
- Take the film out of the cassette and cut it off with scissors. Unroll the film until you reach the small plastic cassette in the center. Then, cut through the film where it meets the piece of tape that attaches the film to the plastic. Since it's dark, you'll need to feel where the tape is with your fingers.[4]
- Load the film onto the reel. To load the film, start by holding the reel in one hand and the end of the film in the other. Then, find the slit on the edge of the reel with your fingers and slide the film into it. Once the end of the film is secure on the reel, twist the side of the reel back and forth to wind the rest of the film onto it.[5]
- When you're finished, all of the film should be securely wrapped around the reel. There shouldn't be any film sticking out.
- Place the reel in the film tank. First, slide the tank's detached core through the hole in the center of the reel. Then, place the reel flat in the bottom of the tank so the core is sticking up in the center. Cover the tank with the lid and tighten it into place by rotating it.[6]
EditAdding Developer, Stop Bath, and Fixer - Turn the lights on and mix 1 part film developer with 1 part water. The film developer and water mixture is what you'll use to develop your film negatives in the tank. You need enough of the mixture to completely fill the tank. The exact amount you should mix depends on the size of your film tank, but it's usually around of film developer and of water.[7]
- Mix the developer and water in a metal or plastic container, not in the film tank. You don't need to stir the developer and water together.
- You can find film developer online or at your local photography store.
- Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the mixture. The temperature of the film developer and water mixture determines how long your film will need to develop for. Once you know the mixture's temperature, refer to the manufacturer's instructions for your film to see how long it will need to develop. Every kind of film is different, so it's important that you read the directions that came with yours.[8]
- If you can't find the developing times for your brand of film, try looking them up online.
- Film typically needs 8.5 to 11 minutes to develop.
- Pour the mixture into the film tank and set a timer. Pull the uppermost plastic lid on the tank off to reveal the funnel-shaped hole underneath. Do not unscrew the larger lid that's sealing the tank shut. Pour the developer and water mixture directly into the hole in the lid. Once all of the mixture is in the tank, cover the hole with the plastic lid and immediately set a timer for however long the film needs to develop.[9]
- Agitate the film periodically as it develops. Agitating the film means turning the tank over continuously with your hands to help spread the developer around. To agitate your film correctly, you'll need to use the following schedule:[10]
- First minute of developing: Agitate the film for 30 seconds. Then, place the tank on a flat surface for 20 seconds. After 20 seconds, agitate the film for the remaining 10 seconds of the first minute.
- Second minute of developing: Let the film tank rest on a flat surface for 50 seconds. Then, agitate the film for the last 10 seconds of the second minute.
- Subsequent minutes of developing: Repeat the same agitation and rest times you used in the second minute of developing for every minute until the film is finished developing.
- Pour the developer mixture out of the film tank. Take the uppermost plastic lid off the tank so you can empty out the mixture. You can pour the mixture down a sink drain.[11]
- Fill the tank with stop bath and agitate it for 30 seconds. Stop bath is a liquid chemical mixture that stops film from developing any further. Once your tank is filled with stop bath, agitate it for 30 seconds to help the mixture spread throughout the tank.[12]
- You can find stop bath online or at your local photography store.
- Pour out the stop bath and fill the tank with fixer. Fixer is the last chemical used in the development process. It helps stabilize your film so it can be exposed to light without getting ruined. Once your film tank is filled with fixer, seal it and follow the same agitation schedule you used for the developer mixture. The exact number of minutes you should leave the fixer in the tank depends on the kind of film you're using, but it's typically between 3-5 minutes.[13]
- You can find film fixer online or at your local photography store.
EditRinsing and Drying Your Film - Empty out the fixer and rinse your film with cold water. Now that your film has been soaked in fixer, it's safe to take the lid off the tank and pull the film reel out. Thoroughly rinse your film with water for several minutes to remove any leftover chemicals.[14]
- Soak the film reel in a container filled with wetting agent for 30 seconds. Wetting agents help water roll off the film more easily when it's drying. If you don't use a wetting agent, your film could develop streak or bubble marks on it.[15]
- You can find a wetting agent online or at your local photography store.
- Take the film off the reel and unroll it. To take the film off the reel, twist the sides of the reel in opposite directions and then pull them apart so the reel separates into 2 pieces. Then, slide the film off the reel and unroll it with your fingers.[16]
- Hang the film up to dry. Use a clip to hang the film somewhere high up where it can dry, like on a clothesline or wire rack. Clip one end of the film to the surface you're hanging it from, and attach another clip to the other end to weigh the film down so it's taut.[17]
- Let the film dry for several hours before you unclip it.
- If the darkroom you're in has a film dryer, hang the film up inside of it to speed up the drying time. With a dryer, it may only take the film 20 minutes to dry.
EditStoring Your Developed Film - Clean the film with a film cleaner to remove any streaks. Once the film is completely dry, lay it on a flat surface and examine it for streak marks. If you see any, soak a paper towel in film cleaner and gently wipe it across the surface of the film to remove the streaks.[18]
- You can find film cleaner online or at your local photography store.
- Cut your film into strips of 5 negatives. Cutting your film into smaller strips will allow you to store your film in plastic sleeves until you're ready to print them. Use scissors to cut the film into strips of 5 along the lines dividing the negatives.[19]
- Slide the film strips into plastic sleeves for protection. It's important that you keep your developed film safe until you're ready to turn it into prints. Plastic sleeves will keep moisture, smudges, and debris from getting on your film. Leave the film in the plastic sleeves until you're ready to make some prints out of your negatives.[20]
- Store the plastic sleeves in a binder or folder when you're finished.
- You can find plastic film sleeves online or at your local photography store.
- Practice using the cassette opener, reel, and film tank outside of the darkroom a few times so you're more prepared to use them in the dark.
EditThings You'll Need - Film reel
- Film tank
- Cassette opener
- Film developer
- Thermometer
- Metal or plastic container
- Scissors
- Timer
- Stop bath
- Fixer
- Wetting agent
- Clips
- Plastic film sleeves
EditSources and Citations
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