| How to Use the IF Function in Excel Posted: 21 May 2018 01:00 AM PDT This wikiHow teaches you how to use the IF function in Excel to make a logical comparison between a value and the expected result. The IF function basically says "If something is true, then do something. If not, do something else." - Open Microsoft Excel. If you're using Windows, Type into the search bar and click Microsoft Excel in the results. If you're on a Mac, you should find Excel on the Launchpad.
- Open a workbook. Select the workbook you want to edit, or click Blank workbook to create one from scratch.
- Click the cell where you want the IF function's results to show. This is the cell in which you'll type the formula.
- Let's say column C contains test scores ranging from 72 to 98. These scores appear in cells C2, C3, C4, and C5. A passing grade is 75 and higher, while all scores below 75 are fails. We'd like the word "PASS" to appear next to a passing grade, and "FAIL" next to a failing grade. In this case, we'd want to enter the formula in D2, next to the first score.
- Type the formula using this example. The syntax for IF is . Here's what the formula would look like for our test scores example:
- Press or . This runs the formula.
- Using our example, if the score is 75 or over, the word PASS will appear in the cell. If it's less than 75, you'll see FAIL.
- Drag the formula down to the other cells in the column. In our example, we've entered the formula into C2, so we'd drag the bottom-right corner of C2 cell down until all cells between C2 and C5 are highlighted. This runs the formula on the remaining data.
EditQuick Summary |
| How to Treat Mastitis Posted: 20 May 2018 05:00 PM PDT Mastitis is a common condition in breastfeeding women. This condition can be caused by tight clothing, missed feedings, poor alveolus drainage, or an infection. It usually only affects 1 breast at a time and results in a breast that is sore, hard, and red. This can make breastfeeding and pumping very uncomfortable, and some women may even give up on breastfeeding as a result. If you get mastitis, there are several things you can do to treat it. Contact your doctor first of all since mastitis may cause an infection that requires medical treatment. Then, follow your doctor's instructions for self-care and pain management. EditSeeking Medical Help - Call your doctor right away if you suspect mastitis. Mastitis is a medical condition that requires proper diagnosis and treatment. Left untreated, the condition may worsen and lead to a serious, whole-body infection, which could require hospitalization to treat. Call your doctor if you notice symptoms of mastitis including:[1]
- Flu-like symptoms
- Fever
- A red, painful, hard lump on your breast
- Body aches
- Chills
- Rapid heart rate
- Malaise
- Red streaks and shiny skin on your breast[2]
- Burning sensation during breastfeeding or at other times
- White discharge coming from your nipples, sometimes tinged with blood.[3]
- Ask your doctor about diagnostic testing. If you suspect mastitis, your doctor will be able to perform diagnostic tests and reviews to make sure you are treating the right problem. Generally, diagnosis for mastitis includes a review of your medical history, a physical exam, and diagnostic tests such as culture or sensitivity.[4]
- Often, a diagnosis can be made without having to do a full culture.
- Take the full course of prescribed antibiotics. Your doctor will likely prescribe a course of antibiotics to clear the infection. Take the full course of antibiotics, even if you start to feel better. Not finishing the antibiotics may make it harder to treat any future infections you get.
- The most commonly prescribed antibiotics for mastitis include dicloxacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and cephalexin. Take the antibiotics over the course of 10 to 14 days as instructed by your doctor. If the first course of antibiotics does not clear the infection, then your doctor may order a stronger antibiotic.[5]
- A small amount of the antibiotic may get into your breast milk. Check with your doctor or midwife to ensure that the antibiotic is safe for breastfeeding. In most cases, the antibiotic will only cause some mild loose stools in your baby, but this should go away after you complete the course of antibiotics.[6]
- Get an ultrasound to rule out an abscess. In some cases, mastitis may progress and create an abscess in your breast. When this happens, your doctor may need to drain and irrigate the abscess. If your doctor suspects an abscess, they may order an ultrasound of your breast to check for one.[7]
EditUsing Self-Care Measures - Breastfeed your baby as often as possible. Keeping milk flowing through your breasts will help to clear the infection and reduce your discomfort. Breastfeed your baby as often as possible starting each feeding with the affected breast. Do not worry about the milk harming your baby. Your breast milk is safe for your baby to drink even if you have an infection.[8]
- If you are not able to breastfeed, then pump or hand express some milk instead.
- Proper positioning during breastfeeding is also important to ensure that your breasts are being emptied fully. Ask your doctor, midwife, or lactation consultant for advice on how to properly position your baby during breastfeeding.
- Get plenty of sleep and rest. Recovering from mastitis requires lots of rest.[9] If possible, take some time off from work to catch up on your sleep. Ask your partner to take over some of your household tasks until you feel better. You may also want to have a trusted friend or family member help you with childcare so that you can get a nap during the day.
- Drink lots of water. Staying hydrated will help your body to fight the infection and it will also help to ensure that you can keep up with your little one's breastfeeding demands. Drink at least 8 glasses of water per day.[10]
- Use over-the-counter pain medications. Mastitis can be very painful, but the pain is usually manageable with over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen or paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil). Follow the dosing instructions on the package or ask your doctor for dosing instructions.
- Do not take aspirin while you are breastfeeding. This medication passes through to the breast milk and it is not safe for your baby.[11]
EditSoothing Sore Breasts - Take warm showers. The warm water will feel good on your breasts and it may also help to clear any clogged ducts. Take a warm shower daily and let the water run over your breasts.[12]
- You could also take a warm bath and immerse your breasts in the water to help soothe them.
- Apply warm compresses. Warm compresses may help to ease pain in your breasts throughout the day and loosen clogged ducts. Take a clean cloth and hold it under warm running water. Then, wring the excess water from the cloth and place the warm cloth over the sore area of your breast. Leave the compress on until it cools down. Repeat as needed during the day.[13]
- Place a green cabbage leaf in your bra. Cold, raw green cabbage leaves can help to soothe engorged breasts by reducing the engorgement. Get a head of cabbage and remove one of the leaves. Then, insert the cabbage leaf into your bra so that it is cradling your breast. Leave the leaf there until it is no longer cold. Repeat as often as needed.[14]
- Wear loose fitting clothing. Tight bras and tops will only irritate your already tender breasts. Instead, wear loose, comfortable bras or camisoles and tops while you are dealing with mastitis.[15]
EditSources and Citations
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| How to Make a Chinese Paper Lantern Posted: 20 May 2018 09:00 AM PDT Chinese paper lanterns have a long tradition, dating back to the Eastern Han dynasty, when they were used to worship Buddha. Now, they are used during the Lantern Festival to celebrate the last day of Chinese New Year.[1] Making your own lantern is easy, and while it won't light up, it can be just as pretty and unique as a traditional light-up lantern. EditCreating a Simple Lantern - Get a sheet of construction paper. The size does not matter, but it must be rectangular. Something around would be better, though.
- For a traditional lantern, choose red paper.
- If you want a less-traditional lantern, you can pick a color you like.
- Cut a strip from 1 of the short ends. Use a pencil and ruler to draw a line going across the width of the paper, from the 1 of the short edges. Cut the strip off with scissors, then set it aside.[2]
- This will eventually make the lantern's handle.
- For a longer handle, cut the strip from 1 of the long edges instead.
- Fold the paper in half lengthwise. This is also known as the "hot dog" fold. Make sure that the long edges match up. Keep the paper folded; do not open it up.[3]
- Run your fingernail back and forth across the folded edge to make it nice and sharp.
- Cut slits into the fold, stopping from the raw edge. Draw a horizontal line across the length of your paper, from the top, raw edge. Next, cut slits into the bottom, folded edge. Make each slit the same with, and don't cut past the horizontal line that you drew.[4]
- Make the slits about apart. Start and finish the slits from the left and right edges of the paper.
- Erase any pencil marks that you made once you have finished cutting the paper.
- Unfold the paper, roll it into a cylinder, then staple it. Unfold the paper first. Bring the narrow ends together, then overlap them by to form a cylinder. Staple the overlapped ends at the top and bottom to hold the cylinder together.[5]
- Make sure that the folded crease is sticking out, not in. If you were to squash the lantern between your hands, the slits should flare out like a daisy.
- You can also use a glue stick to hold the lantern together, but you'll have to secure the paper with clips until the glue dries.
- Staple both ends of the strip to the top of the lantern. Take the strip that you cut off earlier. Place 1 end against the top edge of the lantern. Overlap it by about and staple it in place. Bring the other end to the opposite side of the lantern, overlap it by another , and staple it as well.[6]
- Make sure that you are stapling both ends of the handle to the top of the lantern--not the top and bottom. They should be across from each other.
- For a nicer finish, put the ends of the handle on the inside of the lantern.
- You can use a glue stick or tacky glue for this step, but you'll need to clip them in place until the glue dries.
EditMaking a 2-Tone Lantern - Get 2 pieces of paper that are 2 different colors. One of the colors will go on the outside of the lantern, while the other color will go on the inside. Construction paper will work the best, but you can use cardstock as well.
- For a traditional lantern, use red for the outside of the lantern and gold for the inside.[7]
- You can also use red paper for the outside, and yellow for the inside.
- Cut a strip from the short edge of each paper. Use a pencil and ruler to draw a line going across the width of your first sheet of paper, from 1 of the short ends. Cut the strip off, then set it aside. Repeat this step with the second sheet of paper.[8]
- When you are done, you should have 2 sheets of construction paper and two wide strips.
- Cut two strips from the long edge of 1 sheet. Choose 1 of the sheets of construction paper to go on the inside of your lantern. Cut two wide strips from 1 of the long edges. Set these strips aside for later.[9]
- Don't cut a wide strip. This may seem like a time-saver, but it will just create more work later on.
- Don't cut the other sheet of construction paper. You want to keep that sheet at full-size.
- Use a ruler and a pencil to draw guidelines for cutting, if needed.
- Overlap the short ends to form a cylinder, then glue or staple them. Take your sheet of paper that you just cut. Bring the short ends together and overlap them by about to create a tube. Staple the tube at the top and bottom edges of the seam to hold it together, then set it aside.[10]
- You can use a glue stick as well. Use clips to hold the paper together until the glue dries.
- Fold the larger piece of paper in half, hot dog style. Take your second sheet of construction paper--the sheet that you want to be on the outside of the lantern. Fold it in half lengthwise or hot dog style so that the long edges match up.[11]
- Run your fingernail along the folded edge a few times to make it neater.
- Cut slits into the fold, stopping from the top. Use a ruler and a pencil to draw a horizontal line across the length of your paper first, below the top, raw edge. Next, cut vertical slits into the bottom, folded edge of the paper, stopping at this horizontal line.[12]
- Make the first and last slits from the left and right edges of the paper. Make all of the other slits about apart as well.
- Do not cut past the horizontal line or into the folded edge.
- If you need to, draw cutting guides for the slits. Be sure to erase any pencil marks once you have finished.
- Unfold your paper and form it into a cylinder as well. Open up your paper first. Bring the narrow ends together, then overlap them by to form a tube. Staple the seam at the top and bottom to hold it together.[13]
- Make sure that this tube is big enough to slide over the first tube that you made.
- You can use glue instead of staples. Clip the tube together until the glue dries.
- The crease needs to be sticking out, not in. If you were to squash the lantern, the fringe should flare out.
- Tuck the first cylinder into the second one, then staple the top edges. Take the first tube that you made, and slide it into the second tube. Align the top edges, then secure them with tape, staples, or glue.
- The outer tube will be longer than the inner tube. The next step will resolve this.
- The tube with the fringe cut into it should be on the outside.
- Make sure that the side seams align for an even nicer finish.
- Align and staple the bottom edges of both lanterns together. Push the bottom edge of the outer lantern until it aligns with the bottom edge of the inner lantern. Secure the bottom edges of both lanterns with glue or staples, like before.[14]
- This should cause the outer lantern to flare out so that you can see the inner lantern.
- Use 1 of the shorter strips to make a handle. Take 1 of the shorter strips that you cut from the beginning. Staple both ends to the top of your lantern to create a handle, making sure to overlap them by .[15]
- It does not matter which color of strip you use for this step. You can use the strip that matches the outer lantern, or the strip that matches the inner lantern.
- It doesn't matter if you add the handle to the outside or inside of the lantern. The next step will cover it up.
- Wrap the longer strips around the top and bottom edges. Take 1 of the long strips that you cut off from your inner lantern. Coat the back of the strip with glue, then wrap it around the top of your lantern, making sure that the edges align. Repeat this step with the second strip for the bottom edge.[16]
- Decorate your lantern with glitter glue or sequins. You can do this for the strips and/or the top and bottom edges.
- Wrap patterned washi tape around the top and bottom edges of your lantern for a nicer finish. You can also use ribbon or strips of scrapbooking paper instead.
- Cut paper streamers into lengths, then glue them to the inside, bottom edge of your lantern.
- For a fancier lantern, use scalloped scissors to cut the slits. You can also alternate the width of the slits by making some narrower.[17]
- For a more traditional look, hang the lantern to your ceiling or a stick with a piece of string.[18]
- You can hang these lanterns outside, but don't let them get wet, otherwise they will get ruined.
EditThings You'll Need - Construction paper or cardstock
- Scissors
- Pencil
- Ruler
- Stapler
EditRelated wikiHows
EditSources and Citations
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