| How to Make an Air Filter Posted: 14 Jun 2019 01:00 AM PDT High-end air filters get pretty costly, but you don't have to let a price tag get between you and cleaner air. If you have some basic supplies or construction skills, you can make your own filter for a fraction of the cost. The easiest way to do this is by simply attaching a filter to a standard box fan. For a more intricate, portable filter, try creating a frame out of a plastic bucket. If you're good at crafting, use plywood to create a wood frame for a more powerful filter. Install your finished filter in an enclosed room to purify the air and breathe easier at home. EditRepurposing a Box Fan - Purchase a fan you can fit with a filter. Ideally, find a fan that is the same size as commonly available filters. Try using a box fan, since you are likely to find something that fits exactly over it. If you choose something other than a box fan, make sure it has a place you can stick the filter to secure it in place.[1]
- For example, some round fans have metal spikes in the center where the front cover attaches. You can stick the filter on the spike. It isn't the prettiest solution, but it's effective for making a basic air filter.
- Select a high-quality filter that fits over your fan. Filters are rated for their effectiveness at capturing particles in the air. Look for HEPA filters, which trap even the smallest particles in the air. HEPA furnace filters rated MERV 13 and FPR 10 are the best options available if you can't get a standard air filter.[2]
- Filters are available online and at most hardware stores.
- MERV and FPR are merely rating systems used in different places, so don't worry too much about them. MERV 13 and FPR 10 indicate the most effective filters used in home settings.
- You can use alternative filters, such as MERV 11. Lower-rated filters are a little less effective at purifying the air, but they are still good and may save you a little money.
- Line up the filter so the fan moves air through it. Look for an arrow printed on the filter's frame showing you which way you need to align the filter in order for it to work. You can install the filter in front of or behind the fan, but usually, putting it on the back of the fan is easier. The filter works either way, so it depends on your preference and where you have space to attach it.[3]
- The arrow always needs to point in the direction of the air flow. When the filter is behind the fan, the arrow points toward the fan's blades. When it's in front of the fan, it points away from the blades.
- Tape the filter in place or use an alternative attachment. The easiest way to keep the filter in position is to use duct tape or another strong adhesive. Simply lay tape over the filter's frame and the fan's frame. If you're not using a box fan, look for alternative attachment points.[4]
- For example, if you're using a round fan, remove the front cover and look for a metal spike to skewer the filter on.
- An alternative attachment method is to use brackets. Drill a pair of holes through the top of the fan's casing. Purchase brackets with screw openings, screw them to the fan case, then slide the filter underneath the bracket prongs.
- Put the filter in an enclosed room and turn it on. Small fan filters work most efficiently in smaller rooms, such as bedrooms. Plug the fan in and turn it on to begin filtering. Make sure you feel the fan pulling or pushing air through the filler screen.[5]
- The filter eventually stops working, so plan on removing it when it starts turning black. Replace the filter about every 90 days.
EditUsing a Plastic Bucket - Measure the diameter of a small fan. The fan needs to fit inside whatever plastic bucket you plan on using for the filter. Try using a bucket for maximum space and filtration. Choose a fan, such as a portable fan designed to sit atop a table, that fits in the bucket. After figuring out its diameter, subtract about from the final measurement.[6]
- Subtracting a little length from the diameter ensures the fan doesn't fall through the lid when you install it.
- Another option is to put the fan inside a small laundry basket. Laundry baskets usually have air vents, so you don't need to cut out holes like you do with a bucket.
- Cut a hole for the fan in the bucket's lid. Mark the lid with a pencil, creating a hole in the center according to your diameter measurement. Use a utility knife to cut out the plastic you need to remove. Work carefully to avoid damaging the outer edges of the lid.[7]
- Remember to make the hole a little smaller than the diameter of the fan. Center the hole and keep it as even as possible all the way around.
- Make holes in the bucket to let air into it. Creating the holes can be somewhat time-consuming, but a hole saw cuts right through the plastic. Try using a -diameter blade to drill cleanly through the sides of the bucket. Create the holes in columns, leaving about of space between each hole.[8]
- You can make about 5 holes per column. Make as many columns as possible to let plenty of air into the bucket for filtering.
- Try making some of the holes a different size. Drill 4 columns on opposing sides, then switch to a drill bit. Fill in the remaining space with columns of bigger holes.
- Consider sanding the holes smooth with 120-grit sandpaper or a rotary tool to improve your filter's appearance.
- Choose and cut a filter to fit into the bucket. Shop for a HEPA filter, preferably one without a frame. Once you have the filter, measure the bucket from the bottom to just above the top hole. Measure this same width on the filter, then cut it to size with scissors.[9]
- If your filter has a frame on it, cut around the frame first to remove it. Another option is to install the filter on the side of the bucket by drilling one big hole instead of a bunch of small ones.
- Roll the filter up and fit it in the bucket. Use the filter as a liner inside the bucket. Push it against the sides of the bucket until it sticks in place, covering the holes completely. The filter usually sticks in place if it is the right size, but you can also add duct tape to secure it to the plastic.[10]
- Rolling the filter up a few times can help you fit it. Most filters are square-shaped, so they tend to curl up and fall over until you break them in.
- Cut a notch in the top edge of the bucket for the fan cord. Use a crafting knife or another tool, such as wire cutters, to make the notch. Make it about in size. Test the notch by attempting to slide part of the fan's electrical cord into it.[11]
- Make sure the cord stays firmly in the notch, out of the way of the lid.
- Fit the fan inside the lid and the bucket. Slide the fan through the lid so the fan's blades face upward. The top half of the fan's case sits on top of the bucket so the fan blades blow air back into the room. Drop the base of the fan down into the bucket, leaving the cord in the notch you cut. When you're done, plug the fan into the nearest wall outlet to begin purifying the air in the room.[12]
- Remember to check the filter every so often. It gets dirty as it takes in debris from the air, so replace it about every 3 months.
EditBuilding a Wood Frame - Take the back casing off of a box fan. Select a fan you wish to use for your filter. The ideal fan is a box fan since similarly-sized filters are common. Locate the screws on the back part of the fan and turn them counterclockwise to remove half the case, as well as the fan's handle if it has one. Leave the other half of the case in place over the fan blades.[13]
- You can remove the fan's control knob if you wish by locating a screw close to it on the frame. Replace the knob later with a longer one made from wood attached to a bronze pipe.
- As an alternative, also remove the front part of the case. After measuring the fan's diameter, cut a matching hole in a piece of styrofoam. Divide the styrofoam into 2 halves to fit around the fan, preventing the filter from rattling while it is running.
- Measure and cut plywood boards for the filter's frame. To create an inexpensive but durable frame, get several -thick pieces of plywood. Cut 4 boards to be a little longer than the fan. If you're using a standard box fan, make the boards about in size.[14]
- If you're using something other than a box fan, measure the fan as needed to determine what size its frame needs to be. The frame always needs to be bigger than the fan so you can install the filters behind it.
- Mark slots for the filters in one of the frame boards. Measure up about from one of the longer edges on the board. Mark the spot, then measure another . The first filter fits in the area between these marks, so repeat the measurements again to fit the second filter right behind it.[15]
- Use a ruler to make straight lines all the way across the boards through the areas you marked. Leave the outlines about short of the sides of the board.
- You may wish to mark the slots with diagonal lines or other pencil marks to ensure you don't cut the wrong areas. The areas you need to cut can be a little tricky to distinguish.
- Cut the slots into the board with a jigsaw. Use the jigsaw to cut out the parts designated for the filter slots. The slots don't extend all the way to the edges of the board, so be careful when cutting. Leave a small perimeter of wood around each slot, as indicated by your outline, to ensure the frame is steady.[16]
- Wear goggles, ear muffs, and a dust mask to protect yourself while you work.
- If you don't have a jigsaw, try using a table saw or circular saw. Lower the plywood onto the saw carefully, cutting along the outline you marked on the wood.
- Use wood glue to bind the pieces together. Arrange the boards in a box shape, positioning the board with the filter slots on the left or right. Then, spread glue between the board joints, pressing them together until they stick in place. The glue takes about 30 minutes to begin solidifying, but for maximum effect, wait about 24 hours for it to cure.[17]
- Use clamps to hold the frame together while assembling it and waiting for the glue to dry. You can also take this opportunity to add nails to secure the boards together more firmly.
- Test the frame by fitting the fan in it. Place the fan on the opposite side of the slots for the filters. Align its edges with the edges of the boards.
- Cut 3 wood strips to form tracks for the filters. Create pieces about in size by cutting the remaining plywood or by using other wood scraps available. Reduce the length of each strip as needed so you are able to barely squeeze it inside the frame.[18]
- Test the parts as needed by attempting to place them inside the frame. Cut them down gradually until you are able to fit them securely.
- Glue the track pieces to the bottom part of the frame. Line the wood pieces up with the slots you cut in the side of the frame. Place one of the pieces right behind the fan, gluing it to the bottom frame board with wood glue. Leave a gap between it and the second piece. Repeat the pattern with the third piece.[19]
- Make sure the wood pieces line up properly with the slots. If they block the slots, you won't be able to slide the filters into place.
- Cut and glue a plywood border over the top of the fan. The border neatens up the filter and helps hold the fan in place. First, measure the distance between the fan's casing. Outline this in pencil on a piece of plywood, cutting it out with a jigsaw or another tool. When you're done, glue it to the frame boards around the fan.[20]
- Put the border on the front side of the filter, but make sure it doesn't cover the fan's blades.
- Slide the filters into the slots to complete the filter. Purchase some quality HEPA filters for your device. Get square filters the same size of your fan, usually . Simply push them into the frame by using the slots you cut on the side. When you need to remove them, pull them back out of the slots.[21]
- Look for the arrows printed on the filters. Make sure they point in the direction of the airflow, which means the arrows point toward the fan blades in this design.
- This is a basic, strong filter, but you can customize your design. For example, make the frame bigger so you can put an extra filter in front. Try creating a handle or cutting a slot for the power cord.
- Store-bought air filters are expensive, but they contain the same kind of technology you use in homemade ones. The homemade ones are just as effective despite being much cheaper.
- Customize your filter design. All filters operate the same way, but you can use different techniques or materials to make components like the frame.
- Filters need to be changed out every so often. On average, quality filters last 3 months, but you may need to change yours more frequently due to pets or other factors.
- Using saws and other cutting tools is dangerous, so always take proper safety precautions. Wear protective goggles, ear muffs, and a dust mask.
EditThings You'll Need EditRepurposing a Box Fan - box fan
- HEPA filter
- Duct tape
EditUsing a Plastic Bucket - Desktop fan
- bucket
- Utility knife
- Pencil
- Hole saw
- saw blade
- HEPA filter
EditBuilding a Wood Frame - box fan
- 2 HEPA filters
- 4 or 5 -thick pieces of plywood
- plywood strips or scraps
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Straightedge
- Jigsaw or table saw
- Wood glue
EditReferences
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| How to Start Doing Photography Posted: 13 Jun 2019 05:00 PM PDT There's something captivating about capturing images. If you're just starting out and would like to make photography a hobby, focus on the basics. Assemble gear for taking pictures and practice photographing with manual settings, using a tripod, and composing a shot. If you're an experienced photographer and you're considering making it a career, build on the basics while developing business goals. EditGathering Basic Equipment - Choose a camera according to your comfort level. If you're just starting out with photography, choose a point and shoot or digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera that you feel comfortable handling. It doesn't matter how many megapixels it can capture or how expensive it is. Start with what's affordable and buy used gear as you learn more.[1]
- Consider purchasing a refurbished camera that you can learn on.
- Regardless of what type of camera you buy, it's important to read the owner's manual. This will teach you about features that are unique to your camera.
- Purchase a prime lens if you have a DSLR camera. To have more control over your images, specifically the light and blurring of the background, use a prime lens. This lens is fixed so it doesn't zoom. A prime lens is useful when you're still learning how to balance aperture, shutter speed, and image sensitivity.[2]
- A common prime lens to start with is a 50mm 1.8.
- Buy several memory cards so you have backup storage. It's easy to think that if you have 1 large memory card, you're all set. Unfortunately, memory cards can become lost or stop working over time. Purchase a few memory cards in different storage sizes and keep a few in your camera bag so you always have access to memory.[3]
- Memory cards usually last between 2 and 5 years, so you'll need to replace them occasionally.
- Get a tripod to capture crisp images. Purchase an inexpensive tripod that you can secure your camera to. The tripod will stabilize your camera so you can take shots with a longer shutter speed without getting blurry images. For example, you can take pictures in the evening when the lighting is low.
- If you can't buy a tripod, set up a stack of books or place your camera on a flat post to steady it.
- Store your gear in a camera bag. Get a camera bag or backpack that holds your camera, any lenses you want to carry, and your tripod. Ensure that the bag is comfortable to carry around or you'll be less likely to actually use it.
- Most camera bags have small compartments for lenses, filters, and memory cards.
- Install photo-editing software on your computer. Editing your images on the computer is a large part of creating great pictures. Choose a photo-editing software that has tools you think you'll need in post-production, such as adjusting color balance and playing with contrast.[4]
- Capture One Pro, Adobe Lightroom, and Photoshop are popular photo-editing programs.
EditTaking Great Photographs - Photograph things that inspire you. Find what you're really passionate about photographing and spend lots of time taking pictures of it. Instead of trying to take perfect pictures, try to capture what made you excited about the shot or what sparked delight.[5]
- For example, if you love to travel, take pictures of everything on your trip. Over time, you might find that you're particularly drawn to photographing architecture or people that you meet.
- Work on composing your shots. As a beginner, take photographs of everything that draws and holds your attention. Pay attention to what's in your camera's viewfinder before you capture the image. A classic photography trick is to compose the picture by the rule of thirds. Imagine your frame is divided into thirds going horizontally and vertically. Then place interesting subjects along these lines.[6]
- For example, instead of taking a photograph of a tree in the middle of your frame, move the camera so the tree is off to the bottom left of the frame and you can see the valley behind it.
- If you'd like to take an extremely close up photograph of something, such as a flower or bug, use your camera's macro mode. This will allow you to capture rich details.
- Adjust the distance between your subject. Once you've found something you'd like to photograph and composed a shot, take a few pictures. Then move closer to the subject so it fills the frame and take a few more pictures. Walk around to photograph from different angles and then walk farther away from your subject. You might find that photographing even closer or farther away will give you a better image than the one you imagined.[7]
- This is a great trick to try if you're struggling to come up with a shot. Just start moving around your subject until something catches your eye.
- Play around with the exposure triangle to have more control. You'll probably start taking photos using your camera's automatic settings. Keep shooting automatic until you're ready to start learning more and being more creative. When you start photographing in manual, you'll be able to control aperture, shutter speed, and image sensitivity. These work together to determine the quality of the photo you take.[8]
- For example, imagine you want to photograph a track race. If you shoot in automatic, the camera will probably freeze the action to create a still image. If you'd rather take a picture where the runner is blurred and appears to be moving fast, use manual to slow the shutter speed.
- Find time to practice as much as possible. The best way to improve your photography skills is to photograph as often as you can. To make things interesting, give yourself challenges and show your photos to a photography mentor or friend. For example, challenge yourself to photograph action shots one day. Photograph nature scenes the next day. Then shoot food or fashion images the following day.[9]
- Consider enrolling in a photography class or taking a workshop where you can get one-on-one feedback.
EditTransitioning to a Photography Career - Play around with different styles of photography. If you're thinking about a career in photography, you may already know what style of photography you want to do. If not, spend time trying a variety of styles. For example, focus on:[10]
- Fine art
- Fashion
- Food and product styling
- Nature and landscape
- Family and events
- Photojournalism
- Build a solid portfolio of your best work. Once you've accumulated a lot of images that you're proud of, pick 10 to 20 of them to become your portfolio. Include photos that you can show to potential clients. Keep in mind that your portfolio should highlight the style of photography that you want to do for a living.[11]
- Consider having a physical portfolio that you can look through with clients, as well as an online portfolio that you can direct them to.
- Share your work on social media. Be as active as possible on social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Regular posts and images will earn you a large following that can earn you valuable work. Remember to direct viewers to your website so they can order prints or hire you.[12]
- Some photographers prefer to focus on social media before building a solid portfolio. Since there's no wrong or right way to approach this, do what feels comfortable to you.
- Learn the business aspects of being a professional photographer. If you're seriously considering a photography career, keep in mind that you'll be doing a lot of other things in addition to photographing. Decide if you're comfortable with balancing these demands or if you'd like to find a business partner.[13]
- Photographers need great people skills since you'll be interacting with clients.
- Set realistic goals for yourself. It's easy to feel frustrated if your photography career isn't taking off as quickly as you thought it would. To help you chart your progress, create a mixture of short term and long-term goals that are achievable. Set deadlines for some of the goals to hold yourself accountable.[14]
- For example, tell yourself to photograph 3 weddings within 1 year. A long-term goal might be photographing weddings every weekend during the summer.
- If you're taking photos of people you don't know, ask their permission before capturing the image.
- Only carry the photography equipment that you plan on using since it's easy to get packed down.
- Look through your favorite magazines and books for photography inspiration.
EditRelated wikiHows EditReferences
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| How to Treat Peeling Sunburns Posted: 13 Jun 2019 09:00 AM PDT Sunburns are a common, annoying side effect from spending too much time in the sun or a tanning bed. Dealing with a sunburn can be an uncomfortable experience, especially when your skin starts peeling. Fortunately, you can ease the pain and discomfort from a peeling sunburn, and your treatments may even help with the peeling. Additionally, you can help your sunburn heal faster with a little self-care. However, it's best to see your doctor if your sunburn is widespread, blistering, or shows signs of infection. EditEasing Pain, Discomfort, and Peeling - Use a cool compress every 2-3 hours to help reduce pain and peeling. Run cool water over a washcloth or towel. For a cooler compress, put it in your freezer for up to 1 minute. Then, place the compress over your skin for up to 30 minutes. If the cloth becomes warm, refresh it by running cool water over it or popping it into the freezer for about 1 minute.[1]
- Don't get your compress too cold, and avoid using ice directly on the burn, as this can damage or irritate your peeling skin.[2]
- Keeping your skin cool may help prevent or limit skin peeling. Use your cold compress every 2-3 hours throughout the day for best results.
- Use aloe vera gel to soothe the burned skin and help with peeling. Put a dab of aloe vera gel onto your hands, then gently apply it over your sunburn. Let the aloe vera sit on top of your skin, rather than rubbing it in, which can cause irritation. The gel will seep into your skin on its own.[3]
- You can use aloe vera gel from an aloe vera plant by breaking off a leaf and collecting the gel that comes out. Alternatively, buy a container of aloe vera gel from your local drug store or online. Just check the ingredients to make sure it's at least 90% aloe vera.
- Moisturize your skin twice a day to hydrate it and prevent more peeling. Use a fragrance-free lotion, which will be less likely to irritate your skin than a highly-scented formula. Put the lotion in the palm of your hand, then apply it over your sunburn in a thin layer. Wait about 5 minutes for the lotion to dry before you put on clothes.[4]
- Sunburn dries out your skin, which can make peeling worse. Keeping your skin moist with lotion may help prevent or reduce peeling due to a sunburn.
- Take an oatmeal bath to ease your pain and prevent itching. Run a cool bath, then add about 1 cup (85 g) of colloidal oatmeal. Get into the bath and soak for 20 minutes. Then, rinse off in cool water and pat yourself dry with a clean towel. Finally, apply aloe vera or moisturizer to hydrate your skin.[5]
- The oatmeal bath should help relieve discomfort and itching, and may reduce your peeling.
- You can find colloidal oatmeal at your local drug store or online. As an alternative, grind up regular rolled oats in a blender or food processor.
- Alternatively, you can add of apple cider vinegar to a bath and soak your sunburned skin in it for up to 20 minutes. This may help balance the pH of your skin and promote healing.[6]
- You might also find 2-3 tablespoons (30-40 g) of baking soda to be a soothing addition to your bath.[7]
- Take an OTC NSAID to reduce your pain and inflammation. You can use over-the-counter (OTC) NSAIDs like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve) to relieve your discomfort and help you heal faster. However, check with your doctor before you take them, as they aren't right for everyone. Also, read the label and take your medication as directed.[8]
- Don't take more medication than the labels says is safe, even if you still have pain.
- Apply an OTC hydrocortisone cream 1-2 times daily for inflammation and pain. Read the label on your cream and make sure you follow the instructions exactly. Put a dab of hydrocortisone cream on the tip of your finger. Then, lightly apply a layer of the cream over your sunburned skin. Try not to get any of the cream on your healthy skin.[9]
- Use as little as the cream as possible because it can cause skin irritation if you use a lot.
- You can buy an OTC hydrocortisone cream at your local drug store or online.
EditHelping Your Skin Heal - Leave your skin alone rather than picking or scratching it. Your skin is very sensitive after a sunburn, and it needs time to heal. Scratching or peeling the skin will make it worse and could increase your risk of getting an infection. Don't try to make your skin peel faster by picking off the skin or exfoliating it. Let the skin slough away on its own.[10]
- Keep in mind that moisturizing your skin and using aloe vera will help it heal faster than trying to peel off the skin yourself. Additionally, these treatments could help your skin stop peeling altogether.
- Stay out of the sun or use sun protection until your sunburn heals. Don't expose your sunburned skin to sunlight, as this can make it worse. When you must go outside, cover your skin in a fragrance-free SPF 30 sunscreen. Additionally, cover your skin with clothing and try to stay in the shade. This will protect your skin from further damage so it will heal faster.[11]
- If your sunburned skin is exposed to more sun, then it will likely take longer to heal.
- Drink at least of water daily to help hydrate your skin. Your skin's hydration comes from the inside, so make sure you stay hydrated with lots of fluids. Just like applying lotion adds moisture on top of your skin, drinking lots of water will boost your skin's moisture from within. This can help your skin heal faster.[12]
- Staying hydrated may help you prevent or limit skin peeling after a sunburn. If you start peeling anyway, it may help the process go faster.
- Wear loose, cotton clothing while your sunburn heals. This will prevent friction from your clothing from making the peeling worse. Additionally, loose clothing will help you feel more comfortable. Cotton is the best material because it's lightweight and breathable.[13]
- If you can, leave your skin uncovered while you're indoors.
- Leave blisters alone, but treat broken blisters with antibiotic ointment. Don't pick or break your blisters. This can cause an infection. However, it's normal for blisters to break on their own. When this happens, apply an antibiotic ointment and a sterile bandage with non-stick gauze. Change the bandage every 6 hours or when it comes off.[14]
- If your blisters have discolored or smelly pus, go see your doctor. This might be a sign of an infection.
EditSeeking Medical Care - Visit your doctor for widespread sunburn, blistering, or signs of an infection. While most sunburns will heal on their own, a severe sunburn needs medical care. Your doctor can help you find relief from pain and discomfort caused by your sunburn. Plus, they can monitor you for an infection, which causes the following symptoms:[15]
- Fever
- Increased pain or tenderness
- Swelling
- Yellow pus coming from a blister
- Red streaks
- Get immediate care for high fever, nausea, chills, pain, and confusion. While you're likely okay, it's best to see a doctor because these might be signs of a more serious condition. For instance, you may develop heat stroke or dehydration after getting a bad sunburn. Similarly, it's possible to have a severe infection, as well. It's best to be safe and talk to your doctor immediately.[16]
- You're not likely to have serious symptoms when you have a sunburn, so try not to worry.
- Ask about a prescription corticosteroid cream for severe sunburn. Your doctor may decide you need a more concentrated corticosteroid cream that's only available by prescription. To use this cream, dab a very small amount directly onto your sunburn. Do your best not to get it onto your healthy skin, as it may cause irritation in large doses. The cream will help relieve your pain, inflammation, and itching.[17]
- Your doctor may recommend you try over-the-counter treatments first. However, they might decide you need a prescription cream if your sunburn is interfering with your daily activities or if you've already tried home treatments.
- Get an antibiotic if you develop an infection. If your doctor gives you an antibiotic, take it exactly as directed. Don't stop taking it early, even if you feel better. Your infection may return if you don't take the entire prescription.[18]
- In most cases, you won't take an antibiotic for a sunburn. However, your doctor may give you an antibiotic if you start to show signs of an infection.
- Your sunburn should start to heal in about 3 to 5 days after it happens. Once it starts peeling, it normally takes about a week for it to stop peeling. However, you may be able to shorten this time with home care.[19]
- Keep in mind that some severe sunburns may take several weeks to peel.
- If your sunburn is causing you severe discomfort, see your doctor. They can help you find the best treatment to help you feel better.
- Getting multiple sunburns can raise your risk of skin cancer, so always protect your skin with SPF 30 sunscreen and cover your skin with clothing.[20]
EditReferences
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