| How to Plan a Destination Wedding Posted: 16 Oct 2019 01:00 AM PDT If you're dreaming of tying the knot in a faraway place, you may be concerned about the logistics of making that dream a reality. However, destination weddings are becoming more and more popular and easier to plan. In fact, more than 20 percent of couples now opt for a getaway wedding.[1] With the right planning, you can tie the knot in the destination of your dreams! [Edit]Choosing a Location - Pick a place that's meaningful or exciting to you and your partner. You may decide to say your vows in the place you got engaged, where you took your first vacation together, or in a parent or grandparent's home country. Whatever destination you choose, you'll want to make sure it's somewhere both you and your partner want to make memories.[2]
- Even if you don't choose somewhere with sentimental value, it's still important to pick a location that appeals to you and that you think your guests would enjoy visiting.
- Research your destination's climate and weather patterns. Your destination's weather can have a big impact on your wedding. For example, if you know you want an outdoor wedding, you'll want to avoid places with unpredictable weather patterns.
- Once you've researched your destination's weather, you may have a better idea of what time of year would make most sense to schedule your nuptials.[3]
- Estimate travel costs for you and your guests. When choosing a destination for your wedding, it's important to get a sense for how much you can expect to spend on airfare and accommodations and how much you're asking your guests to spend. While you're not expected to help cover your guests' travel expenses, you may choose to discreetly help certain people buy their plane tickets and/or hotel rooms if you know they can't afford them on their own.[4]
- If you're flying halfway around the world, chances are your plane tickets will be expensive, and it's important to take this into consideration when you choose your location.[5]
- Keep in mind that your guests may also have to take additional time off work to travel to your destination if they end up having to take multiple flights over many hours.
- Visit your destination ahead of time if possible. If your budget allows, it's a good idea to travel to your location beforehand to make sure it's really the place want to say your vows. This will also allow you to tour potential venues, meet with a local wedding planner, and establish a vision for your big day.[6] If you're planning on hiring local vendors, this is also a good time to meet with potential caterers, photographers/videographers, hair and makeup professionals, and any other people who will contribute to your big day.
- Make sure to manage your costs by doing as much research as possible before your trip and scheduling appointments well in advance to avoid having to take multiple trips. You don't want to end up spending your wedding budget on traveling back and forth before your wedding.
- Reserve your venue at least a year in advance. Your venue is one of the most important things you'll need to think about when planning your destination wedding. You may be envisioning an intimate ceremony on the beach, an elegant cathedral wedding, or a cozy celebration at a mountaintop lodge. Whatever your vision for your big day, your venue will serve as the backdrop, so it's important to choose it early in the process.
- Wedding venues book quickly, and you want to make sure you don't miss out on your dream venue because you waited to long.[7]
- If you're planning an outdoor wedding, you may want to choose a venue that has an indoor space available as a backup, in case of bad weather.[8]
[Edit]Inviting Your Guests - Send out wedding invitations at least 8 months in advance. Your guests will need to book flights and hotel rooms and may need to ask for time off work to attend your wedding. That's why it's important to give them plenty of advance notice.
- If possible, try to send out "save the date" cards even earlier (preferably 10-12 months before your wedding date) so your guests can plan ahead.[9]
- Keep in mind that not everyone will be able to attend. This is true for any wedding, but especially when you're asking your guests to travel.
- Organize group accommodation for your guests. This will save them time, money, and the trouble of having to find and book a hotel on their own. Many hotels offer discounted rates for groups, and reserving a block of rooms ahead of time will ensure all of your guests have a comfortable place to stay once they arrive.[10]
- In many cases, if you're getting married at a resort or lodge, group rates will be included in a wedding package.
- Create a wedding website with an itinerary and important details. This is your chance to showcase your love story and provide your guests with all the details they'll need about your wedding and destination.[11] It's a good idea to provide your guests with a list of local activities as well as an itinerary of all your wedding-related events.
- Make sure to include information on group accommodations and airfare. You'll also want to include instructions on how to get to your venue.
- Welcome your guests when they arrive at your destination. Ideally, you'll be able to greet them in person upon their arrival. Otherwise, leaving welcome notes and gift bags full of destination essentials (like sunscreen, bug spray, and flip-flops) is a great way to make them feel welcome and included.[12]
[Edit]Planning the Details and Getting Help - Develop a budget and stick to it. Together with your partner (and any family members who may be helping pay for your wedding), you'll want to decide exactly how much you can afford to spend. It's important to do plenty of research so you have an idea of how much each individual aspect of your wedding is likely to cost. Although weddings can be expensive, it is possible to plan the day of your dreams on a budget.
- Destination weddings aren't necessarily more expensive than traditional ones and can even save you money in some cases.[13] However, it's still important to have a reasonable, well-thought out budget and consider any extra expenses you're likely to incur.
- Enlist the help of a local wedding planner. Since you're unlikely to be able to travel back and forth multiple times to attend various appointments and meet with local vendors, it's a good idea to hire someone you can trust to take care of these details on your behalf.
- Some venues and wedding packages provide a wedding specialist.[14] In other cases, you'll need to hire someone on your own. Either way, make sure you clearly communicate your vision and ideas to whoever will be helping you plan your special day.
- Especially if there's a language barrier, choosing an all-inclusive package where your venue does most of the work for you can take away a lot of pressure and stress.
- Set a date, keeping the weather and your budget in mind. Consider your destination's peak season when you decide on a date for your wedding. There may be certain seasons that are more crowded and touristy than others, and venue and vendor fees may be much higher during these times.
- Having your wedding during your destination's "off-season" may save you money, but keep in mind that some vendors may only operate during peak season and inclement weather may be more likely.[15]
- It's also a good idea to talk to your wedding party, as well as your close family and friends, before setting a date to make sure they're available.
- Find and vet your vendors carefully. Your wedding planner may have a list of vendors they regularly work with and trust in the area, so talking to them is a good place to start. You'll also want to look at any potential vendors' online portfolios and ask them for references. [16]
- If possible, plan a trip to meet with your vendors in person. If that's not feasible, consider scheduling meetings via video chat.
- You can also opt to bring certain vendors with you. For example, if you have a photographer you really like, or a friend who does hair and makeup, it might be worth flying them out for your wedding.
- Buy your plane tickets at least 6 months in advance. Airline ticket prices vary from season to season and can be unpredictable.[17] The earlier you start looking for a good deal, the better. For a trip as important as your wedding, you definitely don't want to wait until the last minute to book your flight.
- Dress according to your destination's weather. If you're getting married in a warm, tropical climate, you probably don't want to be wearing a heavy ball gown or wool suit. Also, keep in mind that high heels aren't well suited to ceremonies on sandy beaches.[18]
- Make sure to suggest appropriate attire to your guests as well. You can do this on your invitations or wedding website.
- Arrive a few days early to help with final preparations. If possible, fly to your destination ahead of time to meet with your planner, tour your venue, rehearse for your ceremony, and make final arrangements.[19]
- Arriving early can also help calm your nerves and prevent you from being jet-lagged on your special day.
[Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
| How to Make Manga Posted: 15 Oct 2019 05:00 PM PDT Manga are comics from Japan with their own unique aesthetic, such as large and expressive character eyes.[1] If you want to make your own manga and maybe be a professional mangaka, the start can be a bit daunting. But don't be discouraged—with a bit of planning you can create your own unique storyline with all of your own cool characters! [Edit]Creating Your Characters and Settings - Create your character profiles. Start by writing down some of the character's personality characteristics and physical attributes and then draw from there. Ask yourself questions like: does your character have powers? Friends, Relatives? Siblings? Are they a main character or side character.[2]
- Use your favorite manga characters for inspiration.
- If you have a visual character idea, start with that and then move on to writing the character's personality traits next to it.
- Draw your characters. Create a basic face shape to start and then start drawing the ears, eyes, nose, and mouth. Remember that manga characters have very expressive eyes—experiment with their size and shape.[3]
- Be sure to give eyes light reflections in the form of 2 ovals: a small one near the top of the eye covering primarily the iris and a bit of the pupil, and another smaller oval on the other side of the eye covering the spot where the iris touches the white part of the eye.[4]
- Try giving males a smaller iris, which typically creates a more masculine look.[5]
- Choose a setting for your story. If you're having trouble, start drawing a map of the world you want to create. For example, if you're creating a post-apocalyptic shonen, start writing down some town locations. Afterward, mark off some forests, mountains, and other locations where you can place some fight scenes.[6]
- Always consider your genre before creating your setting. Look at other similar manga and see what kinds of settings are commonly used.
- Consider your characters as you create your world. For example, ask yourself where each character currently resides and where they were born.
- Flesh out a story outline. Create a storyline that accommodates your characters. Change your characters' goals, personalities, and motivations as you flesh out the story. Start with your setting and genre and then get specific. Decide who the important characters are, the main plot, and how it relates to your setting. Determine the main conflicts, mysteries, challenges, and twists.[7]
- Don't be afraid the change story points and characters as the story develops.
- Break your storyline into manga volumes. Each manga chapter is about 19 pages, although the introduction chapter is usually 15. A volume of manga is about 150 pages, which is around 5 chapters. Since there are about 4 pages per scene, that gives you about 5 scenes per chapter.[8]
- Start writing down all of your main story events and points and group them into specific scenes. Afterward, group the scenes into chapters, and the chapters into volumes.
[Edit]Deciding on a Theme - Create an action manga if you want to focus on fight scenes. Also known as shonen or shounen—which refers to a boy at high school or elementary age—these comics are best known for brief dialogue, lots of character movement, and plenty of battles. If you prefer to draw more than create a story, start with an action manga.[9] Some of the most well-known action manga are Naruto, Dragonball Z, One Piece, and Sword Art Online.[10]
- Narratives in action manga are often told through flashbacks.
- Action manga speech is often characterized by intense, fast words such as character names and attack names.
- If you're writing a Japanese manga and have a limited understanding of the language, make an action manga.
- In recent years, shonen with female protagonists have become more common.
- Make a magical girl manga if you want a good-versus-evil story. These are pretty self-explanatory and feature young girls that turn into superheroes—often by means of a magical object—to fight an evil force. Typically, these girls are prepubescent or just entering womanhood. Although they feature fight scenes and lots of action, they also focus strongly on themes of friendship, life lessons, falling in love, and growing up.[11]
- Magical girl manga fall into the shojo category, which means they are aimed at a young female audience.
- Common magical girl manga are Sailor Moon and Powerpuff Girls Z.
- Craft a seinen manga if you prefer a focus on dark, mature stories. Seinen manga are counterparts to shonen and while some share similarities, they focus on darker stories and themes like politics, action, fantasy, science fiction, sports, relationships, and comedy. They are more violent and psychological than typical shonen action manga and sometimes have pornographic content.[12]
- Try a seinen if you want your fight scenes mixed with dark storylines and characters.[13]
- Common seinen manga are Ghost in the Shell, Tokyo Ghoul, Berserk, Gantz, and 20th Century Boys.
- Draw a comedy manga if you want to focus on jokes and real-life settings. Comedy manga are the most verbose and thus require a firm grasp of the language you're writing in. The pacing of speech bubbles are faster, but much more relaxed than action anime due to the focus on conversation rather than short, emotional bursts.[14]
- Select the jokes you want to focus on: clean jokes, parody jokes, romance/comedy jokes, and/or dirty jokes.[15]
- Comedy manga can take place anywhere you like, but are most often in real-life settings, such as high school. If you'd rather a more magical setting, consider an action manga.
- Make a monster battle manga if you like action and animals. The monster battle genre is best known for manga like Pokemon and Digimon. It focuses on training and battling monsters—which often uses everyday animals as the base of their design—within a quest or adventure. Often, the main characters are young boys and the story focuses on their journey to create a strong collection of monsters.[16]
- Create a mecha anime if you like action and robots. The word mecha comes from the word mechanical, and these manga focus on pilotable robots. In some cases, they take human shape, but this isn't a given. Some of the most well-known mecha anime are Gundam, Neon Genesis Evangelion, and Knights of Sidonia. At the end of the day, you can do lots with this kind of manga—comedy, horror, action—but if it has a setting or plot with pilotable robots at the center, it's considered a mecha.[17]
- Consider drawing robots that are made from several smaller robots to make a "super robot."
[Edit]Crafting Your Layouts - Decide on a reading direction. Traditional Japanese manga reads from the top to the bottom, moving vertically from the right to the left. If you want to stick to the roots of manga, use this reading direction. If you don't care, you can do the common English reading direction, which is moving vertically from left to right.[18]
- Ask yourself who your audience is. For example, if you're writing your manga in Japanese, consider making your comic read right-to-left.
- Whichever reading direction you choose, make sure you stick with it—there's no changing your mind after!
- Create 3 speech bubbles per panel and 5 panels per page. Manga is much more fast-paced than traditional Western comics. This means there are more pages with fewer panels and less text. In general, you should have no more than 3 speech bubbles in each panel and an average of 5 panels per page.[19]
- In general, stick to about 4 pages per scene.
- Always separate panel groups by a space of , which is called the panel gutter.
- Be sure that the small panel gutters within each panel grouping don't align with the gutters in other panel groupings.
- Use 4 long rectangular panels for short, comedic panels. This is the most simple type of panel layout and is best suited for a specific story or scene that is contained to one page. It works best when trying to create simple humor, although it can be used for any scene that requires a uniform and basic presentation.[20]
- When using this layout, use the first panel to set the scene, the second to create the event that creates the climax, the third for the climax, and the fourth as the reaction or conclusion of the scene.
- Increase the number and variety of panels for action scenes. Since action scenes have more character movement and changes in direction, you should use an increased number of panels and variation in shape to give them a dynamic feeling. For example, use 3 small panels for a punch: the first showing the character's angry eyes, the second showing his arm pulled back, and the third showing his fist hitting the opponent. You can even make the third panel a zig-zag border to add emphasis.[21]
- Replace square and rectangular panels with triangles or unique zig-zagging borders to create a dynamic feeling.
- Use smaller panels to focus on the action rather than the setting, which is typically unimportant for these scenes.
- Use large, simple square or rectangles for conversation. When an important conversation is taking place, the dialogue boxes are usually more important than the pictures. Use simple, large panels to capture all the words while keeping the reader's focus on the characters.[22]
- Make sure the panels are big enough to show character faces and reactions.
- Change viewing angles to make the conversation dynamic and keep the reader interested.
- Minimize the number of dramatic changes between panels to keep the focus on the words.
- Don't use speech bubble tails to indicate the character speaking. Instead, place the bubbles close to the speaker and—if necessary—use slang to make it obvious who is speaking.[23]
- Create spiky outlined bubbles for yelled words and hazy bubbles for a character's thoughts.
- Draw large spreads for unique images and settings. Any image that spans 2 or more pages is usually used to show a detailed image or setting. Use these scenes to give the reader a broader sense of characters or settings. For example, an action manga that starts off with a fight between 2 characters can begin with a 2-page spread that shows that giant forest or mountain that the characters are battling in.[24]
- Use large panels to start your manga or break up a fast-paced fight or small panels. For example, create a large, connected image to shock the reader or contrast a close-quarters fight.
- Toy with dynamic panel layouts. Manga is cinematic and isn't limited to traditional panel rows. Try out unique panel layouts that cover the entire width or height of the page. You can also use diagonal lines, hazy outline patterns, or characters that break free from the panel.[25]
- Fade your panels in and out for dramatic storytelling.
- Read your favorite manga and emulate their dynamic panel layouts.
- Use dynamic panels to showcase different viewpoints, bird's-eye viewpoints, and low-to-high panel angles.
- Think of each panel as a camera angle.
- Create motion in characters and backgrounds. Unlike standard superhero comics – which have fully inked characters—manga use blurring limbs with motion, backgrounds made of speed lines, and emphasis lines originating from the point of impact. All of these techniques can be used to create the feeling of motion.[26]
- Use mood backgrounds and visual grammar. Try using abstract backgrounds and visual grammar to match and express the emotions of the characters. For example, if one of the characters in your magical girl manga is having thoughts of her crush, make the background flowers to express budding romance. In terms of visual grammar, you can use drops of sweat to express nervousness.[27]
- If you're making a shonen, make the background flames during a powerup or scene where the character is angry.
- Create swirling knots and black shadows if your character is in a psychologically dark place.
- Use a hash mark on the forehead for someone angry or a group of spirit wisps when a character is sad.
- Combine mood backgrounds and visual grammar or use them separately.
- Don't worry if you fail on the first sketches. Drawing is something that takes time and practice!
- Try to publish something in your own country. If you haven't, you will almost certainly be turned down by a Japanese publisher.
- Keep drawing and once in a while look back at it to check for mistakes.
- You don't need to color your entire manga—only the first few pages. The rest can be black and white.
- Go through several designs of your characters and compare them to see which style fits your liking and their personality.
- When selecting a storyline, always think of the genres. Do not limit yourself to stereotypes of genres, but be careful when mixing them. Putting aliens pointlessly into a romance story will be a little odd, but as per Kashimashi, if they're necessary to the plot, there's nothing stopping you!
- You will not be able to get a working visa in Japan just by saying you want to be a mangaka. However, if you are between the ages of 18 and 25, you can get a working holiday visa, which allows you to work in Japan for one year. If a publisher wants you, you might be able to organize a proper working visa. If you are too young or too old, you need to establish connections.
- Know the limits. Don't make storylines too long in every chapter, as they tend to be boring (unless you are adding fight scenes in the story). Also, don't put too much dialogue in the story.
- Be creative and choose wisely before putting any main and additional characters. Intertwine the plot and characters, but only add extras if it would make no sense for them not to be present.
- Definitely don't go with the first thing you think of. Put time and work into development. If your work isn't perfect by your standards, then keep working! The talent will eventually come, and you'll be better than ever!
[Edit]Warnings - Avoid changing the story once you've started doing the proper images, especially if you are working with an artist.
- Be prepared to make very little money. Unless you're publishing on a weekly basis or so, you may only be paid once or twice a year.
- Story comes first! A manga that focuses on the art instead of the story is a guaranteed failure.
- If your work gets rejected, it's not the end of the world. Ask where you've gone wrong, fix it, and try again.
[Edit]Things You'll Need - Manuscript paper
- Eraser
- Pencil
- Ruler
- Computer
- Scanner
- Picture editing software
[Edit]Related wikiHows [Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
| How to Make a Fidget Spinner Posted: 15 Oct 2019 09:00 AM PDT Fidget spinners are a fun and easy way to keep yourself busy while working, as well as being a great toy to play with and spin whenever. While they're pretty easy to come by, finding a fidget spinner that looks and spins exactly the way you want it to can be difficult. If you want a custom spinner, or just want to make one from things around your home, you can make one in no time at all! [Edit]Constructing the Spinner Base - Print off a fidget spinner stencil. In order for your fidget spinner to spin properly, it will need to be perfectly balanced. While you could measure out a shape or try to draw one yourself, it's much easier to use a stencil to shape your spinner. Look online for a stencil that you can download and print off.[1]
- Search for "fidget spinner template" or "fidget spinner stencil" to find a bunch of different shapes and sizes of fidget spinners that you can make.
- If you have a fidget spinner already, you can use it as a stencil by tracing around the edges.
- Trace the shape of your spinner onto some cardboard or foam. Cut out your chosen fidget spinner stencil and place it onto a sheet of thick cardboard or foam board. Use a pen or pencil to trace around the stencil, being careful not to move it as you draw.[2]
- To keep the stencil in place, try pushing a toothpick through the center of it and slightly into the cardboard.
- The cardboard or foam board you choose should be less than thick. This will be sturdy enough to be a durable spinner, while also being easy to hold in one hand.
- Cut out your fidget spinner base. Use a pair of sharp scissors or a craft knife to cut your fidget spinner base out of the cardboard or foam board. Go around the edges with a pair of scissors to trim away any bumps and make your base as round as possible.[3]
- If you're using scissors, it might be easier to cut a square or rectangle around your spinner first. That way you can cut away the extra board from the shape of your spinner, rather than cutting the spinner out.
- Always be careful when working with sharp scissors or craft knives! Cut away from your hands and work slowly so you don't hurt yourself.
[Edit]Making It Spin - Pierce a toothpick through the center of the spinner base. Use a ruler and a pencil to measure and mark the exact center of your fidget spinner. Get a toothpick and push it through the middle of the spinner base, so that the base is around halfway up the toothpick. Move it back and forth to get rid of any loose edges around the hole.[4]
- You can find the exact center of a 2-prong spinner by measuring the length and width and dividing each by 2. On a spinner with an uneven number of prongs or an irregular shape, draw a straight line through each prong towards the center. The area where they meet is the middle.
- Putting the toothpick in the exact center of your spinner base will help make sure it is balanced and spins evenly.
- Wiggle the toothpick around to widen the hole. In order for your fidget spinner to spin, there'll need to be room around the toothpick for it rotate freely. Wiggle the toothpick in a few small circles around the hole to loosen it. Hold each end of the toothpick between your thumb and index finger and flick the base to make sure it spins properly.[5]
- Be careful not to widen the hole too much, as this will make your spinner wobble while it spins. It should be just big enough that it can spin around the toothpick with little resistance.
- Cut out 2 small circles of cardboard or foam. Find a small circular object, such as a penny or another small coin, that can sit comfortably in the center of your spinner. Place it on a piece of cardboard or foam, draw around it, and cut it out. Repeat the process so that you have 2 evenly sized circles.[6]
- These circles will be used to hold the toothpick in place and make it more comfortable to hold.
- Push 1 circle onto each side of the toothpick. Use a ruler and pencil to mark the center of your circles. Sit the middle of each circle on the tip of each side of the toothpick and push it down towards the spinner base. The circles should be on either side of the base, stuck on the toothpick, and a tiny bit away from touching the spinner base.[7]
- The circles being slightly off center on the toothpick won't change the balance of your spinner too much, but it might make it look slightly off balance if your circles are in different places.
- Be careful not to prick yourself with the toothpick as you push the circles onto it.
- Make sure that the circle is very close to the spinner base, but not quite touching it.You should be able to see a sliver of light through the gap, but it should be very small.
- Glue the circles slightly above the spinner base. Turn the spinner on its side so that you can see one of the circles easily. Squeeze a little bit of superglue or hot glue onto the top of the circle, right around the edges of the toothpick. Repeat on the other circle to hold both circles in place on the toothpick.[8]
- This should keep the circles in place on the toothpick, but still allow the spinner base in the middle to spin freely.
- Make sure to give the glue plenty of time to dry before using your spinner. Check the instructions on your glue to see how long it needs to dry.
- Trim the toothpick down to the circles. Trying to hold your fidget spinner by the ends of the toothpick will probably be pretty difficult! Use a pair of sharp scissors or something similar to snip off each end of the toothpick. You should leave a tiny bit of the toothpick to hold the circles in place, but most of it can be cut away.[9]
- A pair of wire cutters or something similar will be the easiest way to cut through the toothpick cleanly. You could also use a small file to saw off the end of the toothpick to a smooth finish.
[Edit]Decorating Your Spinner - Add more circles to cover the toothpick. While the smooth ends of your toothpick might be easy to hold, you can decorate them with some more circles, pompoms, or something similar to make your spinner more colorful and comfortable to use. Glue some small circles or other decorations on top of the toothpick, making sure the spinner can still spin as you do![10]
- Even if you don't want to change the look of your spinner, adding another circle or a soft pom-pom on top of the toothpick end will make it easier to hold.
- Glue some weights to the end to make it spin faster. The cardboard or foam board used to make your spinner will spin, but adding some weights to the end will make it spin even better! Use a ruler to mark a point the same distance from the edge of each of your spinner prongs. Glue a penny or another small coin onto each of the marks to add some weight to your spinner.[11]
- Making sure that your weights are all the same distance from the middle of your spinner will make sure that it is properly balanced and spins evenly.
- Cover the sides with ribbon to tidy up any rough edges. As it's made out of foam or cardboard, the edges of your spinner might be a little plain or rough. Run a length of ribbon, pipe cleaner, or even a strip of paper around the edge of your spinner and glue it in place. Trim away any excess to make your spinner look even better![12]
- Try contrasting the color of your ribbon or pipe cleaner with the color of your spinner base to make your fidget spinner pop with color.
- Paint or draw on your spinner to customize it. The great thing about making a fidget spinner by yourself is that you can decorate it however you want! Use some paint to add an extra splash of color, or use some pencils and pens to give your spinner a cool design. See what ideas you can come up with to decorate your spinner.[13]
[Edit]Warnings - Hot glue, sharp scissors, and craft knives can all be dangerous to work with if you're not careful. Ask a parent or guardian for help to make sure that you don't hurt yourself.
[Edit]Things You'll Need - Printer
- Scissors or craft knife
- Pencil or pen
- Foam or cardboard
- Toothpick
- Ruler
- Superglue or hot glue
- Pom-poms for decoration (optional)
- Ribbon or pipe cleaners (optional)
- Paint (optional)
- Coloring pens or pencils (optional)
[Edit]Quick Summary [Edit]References |
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