| How to Make a Lesson Plan Posted: 15 May 2020 01:00 AM PDT Making an effective lesson plan takes time, diligence, and an understanding of your students' goals and abilities. The goal, as with all teaching, is to motivate the students to take in what you are teaching and to retain as much as possible. This wikiHow will provide some ideas that will help you get the most out of your class. [Edit]Sample Lesson Plans [Edit]Creating the Basic Structure - Know your objective.[1] At the beginning of every lesson, write your lesson plan goal at the top. It should be incredibly simple. Something like, "Students will be able to identify different animal body structures that enable eating, breathing, moving, and thriving." Basically, it's what your students can do after you're done with them! If you want to do a bit extra, add how they might do this (through video, games, flashcards, etc.).
- If you're working with very young students, you may have more basic aims like "Improving reading or writing skills." It can be skill-based or conceptual. See the related wikiHow on how to write an educational objective for more specific information.
- Write your overview.[2] Use broad strokes to outline the big ideas for the class. For example, if your class is about Shakespeare's Hamlet, your overview might include covering where in the Shakespearean canon "Hamlet" resides; how factual the history described might be; and how themes of desire and subterfuge might relate to current events.
- This depends on the length of your class. We'll cover about half a dozen basic steps to any lesson, all of which should be included in your overview. You're welcome to have more, however.
- Plan your timeline.[3] If there's a lot to cover in a fixed amount of time, break your plan into sections that you can speed up or slow down to accommodate changes as they happen. We'll use a 1-hour class as an example.
- 1:00-1:10: Warm up. Bring class into focus and recap yesterday's discussion on great tragedies; relate it to Hamlet.[4]
- 1:10-1:25: Present information. Discuss Shakespearean history briefly, focusing on his creative period 2 years before and after Hamlet.
- 1:25-1:40: Guided practice. Class discussion regarding major themes in the play.[5]
- 1:40-1:55: Freer practice. Class writes single paragraph describing current event in Shakespearean terms. Individually encourage bright students to write 2 paragraphs, and coach slower students.[6]
- 1:55-2:00: Conclusion. Collect papers, assign homework, dismiss class.
- Get to know your students. Identify clearly who you are going to educate. What is their learning style (visual, auditory, tactile or a combination)? What might they already know, and where might they be deficient? Focus your plan to fit the overall group of students you have in class, and then make modifications as necessary to account for students with disabilities, those who are struggling or unmotivated, and those who are gifted.
- Odds are you'll be working with a pile of extroverts and introverts. Some students will benefit more from working alone while others will thrive in pair work or in groups. Knowing this will help you format activities to different interaction preferences.[7]
- You'll also wind up having a few students that know just about as much as you do on the topic (unfortunately!) and some that, while smart, look at you like you're speaking Neptunian. If you know who these kids are, you'll know how to pair them up and divide them (to conquer!).
- Use multiple student interaction patterns.[8] Some students do well on their own, others in pairs, and yet others in big groups. So long as you're letting them interact and build off each other, you're doing your job. But since each student is different, try to allow opportunities for all types of interactions. Your students (and the cohesion of the class) will be better for it!
- Really, any activity can be manipulated to be done separately, in pairs, or in groups. If you have ideas already mapped out, see if you can revamp them at all to mix it up. It often just encompasses finding more pairs of scissors!
- Address a variety of learning styles.[9] You're bound to have some students that can't sit through a 25-minute video and others who can't be bothered to read a two-page excerpt from a book. Neither is dumber than the other, so do them a service by switching up your activities to utilize every student's abilities.
- Every student learns differently.[10] Some need to see the info, some need to hear it, and others need to literally get their hands on it. If you've spent a great while talking, stop and let them talk about it. If they've been reading, come up with a hands-on activity to put their knowledge to use. They'll get less bored, too!
[Edit]Planning Out the Stages - Warm them up. At the beginning of every class, the students' brains aren't primed yet for the content. If someone just started explaining open heart surgery, you'd probably be all, "Woah, woah. Slow down. Go back to "take the scalpel."" Ease them into it. That's what the warm up is for -- it not only gauges their knowledge, but it gets them into your groove.[11]
- The warm up can be a simple game (possibly about vocab on the topic to see where their current knowledge lies (or what they remember from last week!) or it can be questions, a mingle, or pictures used to start a conversation. Whatever it is, get them talking. Get them thinking about the topic (even if you don't explicitly say it yet).
- Present the information. That's just about as straightforward as it gets, huh? However your format, you need to start with the information presented. It could be a video, a song, text, or even a concept. It's the very core the entire lesson is based on. Without this, the students will go nowhere.
- Depending on your students' levels, you may have to go pretty bare bones. Think about how far back you need to go. The sentence "He put the coat on the rack" makes no sense if you don't know what "coat" and "rack" mean. Give them the very basic concept and let the next lesson (or two) cultivate it.
- You may find it useful to flat out tell the students what they'll be learning. That is, give them your objective. You can't make it any clearer than that! That way, they'll walk away knowing what they learned that day. No two ways around it!
- Do a guided practice. Now that the students have received the information, you need to devise an activity that allows them to put it into action. However, it's still new to them, so start off with an activity that has training wheels. Think worksheets, matching, or using pictures. You wouldn't write an essay before you do a fill-in-the-blank!
- If you have time for two activities, all the better. It's a good idea to test their knowledge on two different levels -- for example, writing and speaking (two very different skills). Try to incorporate different activities for students that have different aptitudes.
- Check their work and assess their progress. After the guided practice, assess your students. Do they seem to understand what you've presented so far? If so, great. You can move on, possibly adding more difficult elements of the concept or practicing harder skills. If they're not getting it, go back to the information. How do you need to present it differently?
- If you've been teaching the same group for a while, odds are you know the students who might struggle with certain concepts. If that's the case, pair them with stronger students to keep the class going. You don't want certain students left behind, but you also don't want the class held up, waiting for everyone to get on the same level.
- Do a freer practice. Now that the students have the basics, allow them to exercise their knowledge on their own. That doesn't mean you leave the room! It just means they get to do a more creative endeavor that lets their minds really wrap around the information you've presented to them. How can you let their minds flourish?
- It all depends on the subject at hand and the skills you want to use. It can be anything from a 20-minute puppet making project to a two-week long dalliance with the oversoul in a heated debate on transcendentalism.
- Leave time for questions. If you have a class with ample time to cover the subject matter, leave ten minutes or so at the end for questions. This could start out as a discussion and morph into more probing questions on the issue at hand. Or it could just be time for clarification -- both will benefit your students.
- If you have a group full of kids that can't be paid to raise their hands, turn them amongst themselves. Give them an aspect of the topic to discuss and 5 minutes to converse about it. Then bring the focus to the front of the class and lead a group discussion. Interesting points are bound to pop up!
- Conclude the lesson concretely. In a sense, a lesson is like a conversation. If you just stop it, it seems like it's left hanging in mid-air. It's not bad...it's just sort of a strange, uncomfortable feeling. If time allots for it, sum up the day with the students. It's a good idea to literally show them they've learned something!
- Take five minutes to go over concepts for the day. Ask them concept-checking questions (not introducing new information) to reiterate what the both of you have done and gained from the day. It's sort of a full-circle type of thing, book-ending your work!
[Edit]Being Prepared - If you're nervous, script it out. New teachers will find solace in scripting out a lesson. While this takes way more time than a lesson should, if it would help you, do it. It may ease your nerves if you know exactly what questions you want to ask and where you want the conversation to go.
- As you teach, do this less and less. Eventually, you'll be able to go in with practically nothing at all. You shouldn't be spending more time planning and writing out than you are delivering! Just use this as an initial training device.
- Allow for wiggle room. You've written out your timeline to the minute, right? Fantastic -- but know that's only really for reference. You're not going to say, "Kids! It's 1:15! STOP EVERYTHING YOU'RE DOING." That's not really how teaching works. While you should try to stick to this plan within reason, you'll need to allow yourself some wiggle room.
- If you find yourself running over, know what you can and cannot scratch. What must you cover in order for the children to learn most? What is just fluff and time killers? On the other side of the coin -- if you have time left over, have another activity in your sleeve to pull out if need be.
- Over-plan the class. Knowing that you have plenty to do is a much better problem than not having enough. Even though you have a timeline, plan on the underside. If something might take 20 minutes, allow it 15. You never know what your students will just whiz through!
- The easiest thing to do is to come up with a quick concluding game or discussion. Throw the students together and have them discuss their opinions or ask questions.
- Make it so a substitute could understand. On the off chance something happens and you can't teach the lesson, you'll want to have a plan someone else could understand. The other side of this is if you write it in advance and forget, it'll be easier to jog your memory if it's clear.
- There are many templates you can find online -- or ask other teachers what format they use. If you stick to one it'll be better for your brain, too. The more consistencies, the better!
- Form a back-up plan. In your teaching career, you're going to have days where students whiz through your plan and leave you dumbfounded. You'll also have days where tests got moved, half the class showed up, or the video you had planned got eaten by the DVD player. When this day rears its ugly head, you gotta have a back-up plan.[12]
- Most veteran teachers have a handful of lesson plans under their belt that they can whip out at any time. If you had a particularly successful lesson on Punnett squares, keep that material for later. You can turn it into a different lesson with another class about evolution, natural selection, or genes depending on the next class' ability. Or you could have a lesson on Beyoncé up your sleeve (think the civil or women's rights movement, progression of pop music, or just a music lesson for a Friday afternoon). Whichever.
- Be prepared to divert from the lesson plan. Plan how to guide the class's attention back to you when it wanders.
- Preview new material with the students and give them their study goals a week or two in advance.
- Be clear that you will expect them to respond to questions in class by a certain date.
- After the class ends, review your plan and how it worked in actuality. What will you do differently next time?
- Remember to match what you are teaching with your state or local school district standards.
- If lesson plans aren't your thing, consider the Dogme teaching method. It involves no textbooks and allows the students to take control.[13]
[Edit]Related wikiHows [Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
| How to Play Pickleball Posted: 14 May 2020 05:00 PM PDT Pickleball is a fast-paced game that combines elements of tennis, badminton, and ping pong. It's an extremely popular paddleboard sport partly because it doesn't require much equipment and it's super easy to learn and play. All you need are paddles, a pickleball, and a pickleball court. Whether you're playing singles or doubles, learn the layout of the court and follow a few simple rules for an exciting back and forth competition! [Edit]Starting a Game - Find a pickleball or badminton court to play a game. Pickleball and badminton courts have the same size measurements, but a pickleball court will have the net lowered to the ground so it's at a height of . Search online for pickleball courts near you or find a gym that has badminton and pickleball courts that you can use to play a game.[1]
- Pickleball courts can be located outside or indoors.
- Play with 2 people for singles or 4 people for doubles. Pickleball can be played with 2 people competing against each other, which is known as singles play, or with 2 teams of 2 people playing against each other, which is called doubles play. Games of singles and doubles both use the same court, have the same number of faults before losing their serve, and are often played to 11 points.[2]
- Doubles is the most popular way to play pickleball.
- Use 1 pickleball and have each player use a pickleball paddle. Pickleball specially designed paddles, which are smaller than tennis racquets, but larger than ping-pong paddles. Each player needs to have 1 paddle. You also need to use a pickleball, which is a lightweight ball with holes through it like a whiffle ball.[3]
- There are a variety of colors you can choose for your pickleball.
[Edit]Serving the Pickleball - Stand behind the baseline of the right service court to start a game. A serve, which is the strike that starts a game or round of pickleball, is always performed from behind the baseline, which is the line at the end of each side of the court. When you're starting a game of pickleball, stand behind the baseline on the right side of the court.[4]
- The 2 squares in front of the baseline are known as the right and left service courts.
- Once a game is in play, you'll alternate which service court you stand behind to serve.
- Hit the pickleball with an underhand strike below waist level to serve it. Hold the pickleball at your side with 1 hand and hold your paddle steady with another. When you're ready to serve, drop the pickleball and strike it with an underhand motion with your paddle.[5]
- If you hit the pickleball above waist level, or if the ball bounces off of the ground, then it's a fault.
- Clear the net so the ball bounces once on the opposite service court. Aim for the service court diagonally across from you when you serve the pickleball so it bounces on it once. Avoid hitting the net with your serve, or hitting the pickleball past the opposing team's baseline before it bounces off of the ground in the opposite service court.[6]
- For example, if you're serving from behind your right service court, you must bounce the ball once on the opposing team's right service court, which is diagonal across from you.
- If your serve hits the net or goes past the opposing team's sideline or baseline before it bounces on the service court, then it's a fault.
- Switch to the other service court when you score a point. When you serve the pickleball and it bounces off of the opposing team's service court, the ball is in play and is hit back and forth until a fault is committed, such as the ball going out of bounds, hitting the net, or bouncing more than once on the court. If the opposing team commits a fault when it's your serve, then you score a point. Whenever you score a point, start your next serve from behind the other service court.[7]
- For instance, if you serve the pickleball from behind the right service court, and then the other team commits a fault and you score a point, your next serve will be from behind the left service court.
- Only the team that is serving can score a point!
- Allow the other player or team to serve when you commit 2 faults. If you're playing singles, or 1 on 1, you get to commit 2 faults before you turn over the serve to the other player so they can have a chance to score. If you're playing doubles, or 2 on 2, whenever a player on a team commits a fault, then their partner gets to serve. Whenever the team commits 2 faults, then the other team gets to serve.[8]
- Score a point when it's your serve and your opponent commits a fault. After the ball is served and the 2-bounce rule is observed, both teams volley the ball back and forth and keep it in play. Whenever a team commits a fault, such as the ball going out of bounds or bouncing twice on the court, then the play stops and the ball is served. If it's your serve and the opposing team commits a fault, then your team earns 1 point.[9]
- If it's your team's serve and you commit a fault, then no points are awarded. However, if you commit 2 faults, then it becomes the other team's serve.
[Edit]Volleying the Pickleball - Wait until the serve bounces on the service court before returning it. When the ball is served, it must be allowed to bounce 1 time on the service court. Once the ball bounces on the service court, use your paddle to return the ball to the other side of the net so it can bounce on 1 of the service courts.[10]
- The return ball can be bounced on either of the opposing team's service courts.
- Allow the return to bounce once on the court before you hit it back. The two-bounce rule requires both the serve and return ball to bounce 1 time on the service court before the ball is allowed to be volleyed back and forth. After you send your serve and the opposing team returns it, wait until the ball bounces on the service court and then hit it back over the net with your paddle.[11]
- If the return ball doesn't land on one of the service courts to bounce, then it's a fault and the serving team scores a point.
- Hit the ball before or after it bounces once the two-bounce rule is followed. Once the two-bounce rule has been observed, volley the ball back and forth by hitting it either before it touches the ground or after 1 bounce. Keep the ball in bounds and avoid hitting the net as you hit it to the other side.[12]
- You can't hit the ball more than once or pass it off to a teammate.
- If the ball bounces on sideline or baseline, then it's still in play. If the ball hits outside of the lines, then it's out of bounds, which is a fault.
- Avoid standing in the kitchen when you're volleying the ball. The kitchen, also called the non-volley zone, is the small rectangular zone in front of each side of the net. You can't volley the ball if you're standing in the zone, or if your foot is on the line, or it's a fault. Before you volley the ball back to the other team, make sure you aren't in the kitchen.[13]
- It's also a fault if a serve lands in the kitchen.
- Continue volleying the ball until a fault is committed. Keep the ball in play and hit it back and forth to the opposing team. There is no limit to the number of volleys you can perform. If it's your serve, and the opposing team commits a fault, then your team scores a point and the ball is served again. If you commit a fault while it's your serve, then you get to serve the ball again and no points are scored. If you commit 2 faults while it's your serve, then the opposing team gets to serve.[14]
- Games of pickleball are often played to 11 points, with 1 team needing to be ahead by 2 points in order to win. However, tournament games can go to 15 or 21, with a team needing to be ahead by 2 points in order to win.
[Edit]Winning a Game - Score 11 points to be eligible to win a game. As you play a game, keep track of the points that are scored by each team. Once a team reaches 11 points, they're eligible to win the game. If they already have a 2-point lead whenever they reach 11 points, then they win the game.[15]
- For instance, if the score of a game is 10 to 4 and the team with 10 points scores again, then they win the game.
- Earn a 2-point lead once you have 11 points to win. Once a team scores 11 points, if they have a 2 point lead, then the game is over and they win. But, if a team scores 11 points, and they don't have a 2 point lead, then the game continues until they do.[16]
- For example, if you score 11 points, but the opposing team has 10 points, then you must score another point to make the score 12 to 10 in order to win the game.
- Play 3 total games to decide the winner of a match. Pickleball is fast-paced and points are scored often, so matches of pickleball usually consist of 3 total games. Win 2 out of 3 games in order to win a match.[17]
- Some pickleball tournaments may have matches of 5 games.
[Edit]Things You'll Need - Pickleball paddles
- Pickleball
- Water and towel
[Edit]References |
| How to Use Aromatherapy for Nausea Posted: 14 May 2020 09:00 AM PDT If you're experiencing nausea, you likely want fast relief! Nausea has many causes, including motion sickness, constipation, pregnancy, indigestion, and illness. No matter what's causing your nausea, you may be able to use aromatherapy to feel better. Aromatherapy is a general term for the inhalation of scents from essential oils and plant extracts to treat minor issues. Aromatherapy is widely considered one of the safest ways to holistically handle common symptoms, although you do want to keep the oils off of your skin. In addition, never swallow or ingest essential oils. Check with your doctor before using essential oils and seek medical care if you might have an underlying condition. [Edit]Choosing Your Oils - Use lemon essential oil for general relief, especially during pregnancy. Lemon oil drastically reduces the symptoms of nausea, especially if you're vomiting or pregnant. Citrus is generally good for the digestive tract and lemon oil likely calms nausea because it settles the stomach. Plus, the light, citrusy scent can drown out other scents that may be causing nausea.[1]
- Choose ginger if your stomach is upset. Drinking or eating ginger has proven to settle an upset stomach, but the aromas may help as well. The scent of ginger is a great way to calm a rough stomach if your nausea is caused by something you ate or other digestive issues.[2]
- If you're looking for a quick fix for nausea, drinking some ginger tea is a great way to feel better quickly. It's not aromatherapy, but it's a proven fix![3]
- Opt for lavender if your nausea is related to anxiety or stress. Lavender is widely recognized as a powerful stress reliever, which makes it a great option if your nausea is triggered by stress or anxiety. It's also one the most widely beloved scents for the home, which makes it a great option if you're diffusing the oil indoors.[4]
- Some people find chamomile to be effective for stress and anxiety as well, but it may not help with nausea. It's worth giving it a shot if you're not a fan of lavender, though!
- Choose fennel if you're nauseous and have other digestive issues. Fennel has the ability to relax the digestive tract if you're dealing with diarrhea or flatulence. The scent is also quite woody and natural, which makes it a great option for aromatherapy. If you have any digestive issues associated with your nausea and you love the smell of the great outdoors, give fennel a shot.[5]
- Some people think that fennel smells a little like licorice or dill. It's a pretty dynamic scent if you're looking for something a little more unique than lemon or lavender.
- Try peppermint oil if you're looking for a cooling scent. Peppermint is a great option that can make you feel refreshed and settled. Keep in mind that peppermint tends to be quite strong, so you're better off only diffusing or smelling it for a few minutes to avoid irritating your nostrils.[6]
- Do not apply peppermint oils to the skin and avoid using it for aromatherapy if any young children are around. It tends to be more likely to cause an allergic reaction and children with growing lungs may find it irritable.[7]
- Peppermint is probably one of the most divisive aromas used in aromatherapy. Many people really dislike the scent of peppermint. If you're not a fan of minty snacks or candy, it's probably not the best scent for you.
- Create an oil blend if you want a dynamic, custom scent. Sometimes, a combination of essential oils works better to combat nausea than a single type alone. For example, a blend of peppermint and ginger may be great if your stomach is a little queasy but you love the cooling aroma of peppermint.[8]
- You can also add other scents that you enjoy to an oil known for calming nausea. Since you aren't ingesting anything or using the oil topically, there are no dangers of causing a negative reaction by mixing different oils.
[Edit]Inhaling the Scent - Pour a few drops on to a handkerchief to smell the aroma for a moment. Sniffing the entire bottle directly can be kind of overwhelming. To make the aroma more palatable, pour 3-4 drops of the oil directly into a clean cloth or handkerchief. Hold the oily cloth under your nose, close your eyes, and inhale slowly to take the aroma in.[9]
- Closing your eyes is especially important if you're using peppermint, which can really irritate your eyes if the odors are too strong.
- This is the best way to quickly inhale the aroma.
- The oils will dry out on the cloth after a few minutes but the scent should linger for quite some time. When it does dry out, you can either add more oil or use the dry cloth as a way to inhale a softer form of the scent.
- Diffuse the oil in your home for a longer, smoother form of aromatherapy. Diffusers are designed to release the scent of essential oil into your home. It's a more indirect way of getting the scent, but it can help reduce your nausea if you're hanging out at home. Different diffusers work differently. Some use heat to help diffuse the scent. Others will have you drop the oil in water to create steam. Follow the directions that come with your diffuser for the best result.[10]
- You typically have to mix the essential oil in a carrier oil, like olive or coconut oil, or water before you put the liquid in your diffuser.
- Fill a vial with the oil and a cotton swab to take it on the go. Grab a small, airtight vial or bottle. Pour of the essential oil into the container. Then, stuff 1-2 cotton balls inside of the container and push them down until the bottom of the cotton balls come in contact with the essential oil. This is a great way to take the oil with you and take sniffs as needed to curb your nausea. Inhale the aroma by holding the opening of the bottle away from your nose.[11]
- Close your eyes while doing this to keep the fumes out of your eyes.
- Add a few drops to hot water to inhale the steam and clear your sinuses. If you have a stuffy nose and you're nauseous, this is probably the best way to deliver the aroma. Boil some tap water on the stove and turn the heat off after the water reaches a rolling boil. Then, pour 3-4 drops into the water. Tilt your head over the water and inhale the steam slowly.[12]
- Peppermint and lemon tend to be the best options if you're trying to clear out your nose.
- This should also make it easier to breathe while your nose is clogged. The steam will loosen up any mucus or blockages in your sinuses.
- The steam should soften the aroma enough that you don't need to close your eyes. Go ahead and close them if the fumes are too much for you, though.
- See an aromatherapy professional to get acupuncture or a massage. Massage therapists and acupuncture specialists often use aromatherapy in conjunction with their services. Contact a masseuse or acupuncturist near you and ask them if they can use a specific oil for your session. If they can fulfill your request and you're interested in getting acupuncture or a massage, schedule an appointment, and show up ready for some relaxation.[13]
[Edit]When to Seek Medical Care - Check with your doctor before using essential oils. While essential oils are often safe, they aren't right for everyone. Some essential oils can trigger an allergic reaction or irritate your skin. Additionally, they might interfere with your medication or cause complications if you have certain conditions. Always talk to your doctor before using essential oils to make sure they're safe for you.[14]
- Tell your doctor which oils you plan to use and what you're hoping to treat.
- If you're pregnant, make sure your doctor approves each essential oil you plan to use, as not all of them are safe.
- Treat your underlying medical condition that's causing the nausea. If you have general nausea or morning sickness, you might not need to worry about this. However, you may need to use other treatments if an illness is causing your nausea. Aromatherapy only treats the symptom, so you'll still need to treat your underlying condition to get better. See your doctor for a diagnosis and take your medication as directed.[15]
- If you're in doubt, call your doctor to see if they recommend coming in for a visit. You might be able to treat your nausea at home.
- See your doctor if your nausea is persistent or recurring. Your nausea could have many causes, and it's best to consult your doctor to find out what's going on. It's possible that your nausea is a symptom of another condition. Your doctor can figure out what's causing your nausea so you can finally get relief.[16]
- Your nausea is persistent if it lasts for several days, and it's recurring if it goes away and comes back.
- Talk to your doctor if nausea is causing you to lose weight. If you're so nauseous that it's hard for you to eat, it's best to see your doctor. This could be a sign that something is wrong. You're likely fine, but consult your doctor to find out what's going on.[17]
- Your doctor may also be able to give you advice on how to control your nausea so you can eat regular meals.
- Get immediate medical care if you develop severe symptoms. Sometimes nausea can be a symptom of a serious condition. Try not to worry because you're likely going to be okay. However, you need to get a proper diagnosis and treatment if you may have a serious medical condition. [18]
[Edit]Warnings - Always check with your doctor before starting essential oils. If you don't know the cause of your nausea, your doctor may be able to help.
[Edit]Related wikiHows [Edit]References |
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