| How to Identify a French Bulldog Posted: 05 May 2021 01:00 AM PDT The French bulldog, one of the most popular dog breeds in the world,[1] is a non-sporting breed. Known for their "bat ears" and other key traits, they can be distinguished from other dog breeds as long as you know what to look for. By understanding the breed's general appearance and temperament, you can get a better idea of whether or not a dog is a French bulldog. [Edit]Looking at Body Structure - Notice the dog's size. French bulldogs are fairly small, having a height of about .[2] They typically weigh under .[3]
- Check for "bat ears". French bulldogs have recognizable perked ears with wide bases and rounded tips.[4] The ears are not too close together and rest high atop the dog's head.[5] A purebred French bulldog will almost certainly have bat ears.
- Look at the eyes. Brown eyes are a common trait in French bulldogs, especially dark, almost black eyes. These are most desirable, though a French bulldog may also have light, brown eyes.[6]
- See if the dog has a short tail. French bulldogs are seen with short tails that can be straight or screwed.[7] Their tails are thick at the base but have fine tips.[8] They hang low below the back.
- Pay attention to the dog's overall build. The build of a French bulldog is fairly muscular. They have short, well-rounded bodies.[9] Their gait is described as being vigorous and unrestrained.[10]
[Edit]Checking the Coat - Check for short fur. The coat of a French bulldog is short and smooth.[11] Their skin is loose and soft, which oftentimes can form wrinkles on the dog, especially around the head and shoulders.[12]
- Look at the color of the coat. French bulldogs typically have light coat base colors. Their base color can be white, fawn, or cream, including any combinations of these colors.[13]
- Know common coat patterns. Though the base is usually white, fawn, or cream, French bulldogs can have other colors seen in pattern form. Coat patterns seen in French bulldogs include brindle, piebald, black masks, black shading, and white markings.[14]
- French bulldogs commonly have brindle coats. This brindle pattern can range from "sparse but clearly defined" to "such heavy concentration" that the base color is almost completely hidden.[15]
[Edit]Identifying Temperament - Watch for affection. French bulldogs are highly affectionate. They tend to show much loving towards people. Because of this, they can make great family pets.[16]
- See if the dog is alert. French bulldogs are commonly very alert dogs. They can show attentiveness, though they aren't overly energetic.[17]
- Check for patience. Unlike many dog breeds, French bulldogs demonstrate fine levels of patience. Even as puppies, they tend to be calmer, which can ease the training process.[18]
- Look at the dog's social levels. French bulldogs are typically welcoming toward strangers. They are well-behaved around new animals and people, being fairly adaptable.[19]
- Notice if the dog is easygoing. French bulldogs are overall quite easygoing. They aren't overly excited and can have fine energy levels. They may even appear calm.[20]
[Edit]Distinguishing Between Similar Breeds There are several dog breeds that have similar appearances to French bulldogs. However, if you know how to spot the differences, it may be easier to tell whether a dog is a French bulldog. - Spot differences between French bulldogs and English bulldogs. Both types of bulldogs, French bulldogs and English bulldogs naturally have many similarities. Both are fairly muscular and have short fur and wrinkles. However, English bulldogs tend to be the bigger of the two, weighing as much as .[21] English bulldogs do not have bat ears; their ears slightly fold down.
- See how French bulldogs and Boston terriers differ. Boston terriers and French bulldogs are commonly confused for one another due to their strikingly similar appearances. However, there are a couple differences between the breeds. Boston terriers are taller than French bulldogs, being , though French bulldogs weigh more.[22] French bulldogs are seen in white, fawn, cream, brindle, and piebald, while Boston terriers may be brindle, seal, or black.[23]
- Differentiate between French bulldogs and pugs. Pugs and French bulldogs are both wrinkly, fairly small breeds. Pugs, however, are toy breeds and smaller than French bulldogs. They are roughly .[24] Pugs have folded ears rather than bat ears and are seen with curly tails rather than short tails.
- Tell how French bulldogs and pitbulls differ. American Pit Bull Terriers are a common "pitbull" breed and have some things in common with French bulldogs. Pit Bull Terriers can weigh as much as , however, and are larger than French bulldogs.[25] Both breeds have fine coats, though Pit Bull Terriers can be seen in blue, gray, white, tan, brown, red, yellow, or black.[26]
- Understand differences between French bulldogs and bull terriers. Bull terriers and French bulldogs have some similarities between them, such as having perked ears. Bull terriers, however, are much larger than French bulldogs, being as much as .[27] Bull terriers can be seen with brown, white, brindle, tricolor, or black coats that are smooth and dense.[28]
- If you're wondering whether the dog you own is a French bulldog, consider using a DNA test. Doing so will confirm your dog's breed.
[Edit]Related wikiHows [Edit]References |
| How to Clean a Shop Floor Posted: 04 May 2021 05:00 PM PDT If your shop floor is looking a little dingy or stained, it might be time for a deep clean. Cleaning a shop floor is a little different from cleaning a floor in your home, and you might have to deal with tougher stains and marks. We've answered some of your most common questions so you can make your shop floor look as good as new. [Edit]What is the best cleaner for a concrete shop floor? - A mixture of laundry detergent and water is the most effective solution. Believe it or not, the soap you use to wash your clothes is perfect for washing concrete. It's not too harsh, so it won't stain your floors, and it smells good, too. Fill a bucket up with warm water and add a few capfuls of laundry detergent for the best (and cheapest) cleaning solution.[1]
- You can also add of vinegar to the mixture for extra cleaning power, if you'd like.[2]
- Remember to always start by giving your shop floor a good sweeping before you mop.[3]
[Edit]What's the best way to clean stains on a concrete shop floor? - Pour the water-detergent mixture directly on stains and marks. Sweep or vacuum the floor first to get rid of any large debris. Focus your soap mixture on any spots that are super stained. Start on one end of your shop and work your way across.[4]
- Scrub the stains with a nylon brush until they disappear. Stay away from wire brushes, as they can scratch your concrete floor. Use a nylon scrubber brush to scrub any areas that are stained.[5]
- Rinse the areas with water and a mop to remove any residue. Go over your shop floor one more time, this time with a bucket of clean water. Use a mop to make it easier, then open all the doors and windows to let your shop floor air dry.[6]
[Edit]Can you clean a shop floor with vinegar? - Yes, you can, and it's particularly great at removing rust stains. If you notice rust marks on your shop floor, pour undiluted white vinegar all over the stain and let it sit for about 20 minutes. Use a bristle brush to scrub at the stain, the wipe the vinegar up with water.[7]
[Edit]How do you remove mold/mildew from a concrete shop floor? - Mix mold-killing detergent and water to make a cleaning solution. Fill up a bucket with warm water and add a few capfuls of mold-killing detergent (the bottle will say "works against mold" or something similar). Stir the mixture up until you see a few suds in your bucket.[8]
- Apply the solution to the affected area and let it sit for 5 minutes. Pour your mold-killing mixture onto the shop floor, focusing on any areas that are moldy or mildewy. Let it sit for a few minutes to kill the mold before you start scrubbing.[9]
- Scrub the area with a nylon brush and rinse it with clean water. Go in small, circular motions to scrub the mold out of the floor. Spend a few minutes wiping down the stained area to get rid of mold or mildew, then pour clean water over the area. Wipe up the excess water with a mop and let the floor air dry.[10]
- If you have one, use a blade mop, since it will hold less bacteria than a string mop.[11]
[Edit]How do you remove oil marks from a concrete shop floor? - Pour kitty litter over the oil stain to absorb excess oil. Grab a bag of clay or clumping cat litter and sprinkle it over the entire stain. Use a stiff broom or a nylon brush to work it into the concrete, but don't wipe it up just yet.[12]
- Let the litter sit for at least 1 hour before sweeping it up. The longer you leave the litter on the stain, the better. Once the kitty litter has soaked up the oil, simply sweep it into the garbage with a stiff broom.[13]
- Spray degreaser on tough stains, wait 1 hour, and scrub the spots. If you still see some slight staining on your concrete, pick up a bottle of heavy duty degreaser from the hardware store. Pour it onto the stained area, then let it sit for about an hour. Use a nylon brush to scrub the degreaser away and remove the stain.[14]
[Edit]How do you get rid of tough stains on a concrete shop floor? - Mix 1 cup (128 g) of TSP with of hot water to make a cleaner. Put on rubber gloves and goggles to protect your skin and eyes. Go carefully, and try not to splash your mixture too much. Stir the TSP into the water with a stick until it's fully absorbed.[15]
- Pour the cleaner over the stained area and let it sit for 30 minutes. The chemical will work to break up the stains in the concrete on your floor.[16]
- Scrub the area with a nylon brush and rinse the floor with water. Go in small, circular motions all over the stain to remove it. When you're done, flush the floor with clean water and let it air dry.[17]
- Do a deep clean of your shop floor at least once a year to keep it in good shape.[18]
[Edit]Warnings - If you're going to use a harsh cleaner like TSP, make sure you read the manufacturer's label and follow all safety recommendations.[19]
[Edit]References |
| How to Write in Latin Posted: 04 May 2021 09:00 AM PDT While considered a "dead" language, Latin is still taught in schools. It's also very much possible to learn how to read and write Latin on your own. In fact, if you're considering a career in law or medicine, some knowledge of Latin will give you a leg up since those professions still use a lot of Latin terminology. Latin uses the same alphabet as English, so if you already know English, you won't have to learn any new letters.[1] Here, we've compiled plenty of tips to help you get your start whether you want to include Latin phrases in your regular writing or draft an entire story in the language. [Edit]Alphabet - Classic Latin is written using the same alphabet as English. There are many other languages that use this alphabet, including Spanish, Italian, and French—although other languages use accent marks that aren't used for English or Latin. In practice, some letters aren't used to spell Latin words, such as "j" and "k."[2]
- The letter "u" is considered a variant of "v." In classical Latin texts, the "u" vowel sound is written with the letter "v." When you're writing in Latin, you can use either, but if you're writing something for a class, check with your instructor to find out what they prefer.
[Edit]Numbers - Use Roman numerals when including numbers in Latin writing. The numerals used in English and other Western languages (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) are Arabic numerals. If you're writing completely in Latin, including Roman numerals rather than Arabic numerals makes your writing more authentic.[3]
- For example, if you were writing the number 34, you'd use the Roman numerals "xxxiv." X is the Roman numeral for 10, and you'd repeat it 3 times. Then you'd put "iv," the Roman numeral for 4, at the end.
- The Romans didn't use any symbol for zero. For example, the number 3002 is "cccii." C is the Roman numeral for 1000, and you have 3 thousands in your number. Then you have the 2 in the ones place.
- Indicate the number of days until "Kalendes," "Ides," or "Nones." Start with the phrase "ante diem," then use the Roman numerals for the number of days until the next special day. Add that day, then the month. Kalendes are always the first of the month. Nones are the 5th of the month, except in March, May, July, and October, when they are the 7th day. Ides are the 13th day of the month, except in March, May, July, and October, when they are the 15th day.[4]
- For example, if it's March 10, 2021, start by figuring out when the next special day is. The ides of March is the 15th, and it's only the 10th, so you know the next special day is "Idus." The Romans count both the days leading up to the day and the day itself, so you would write "ante diem vi Idus Martias MMXXI A.D."
- If the date you need is one of the special days of the month, just use the name for that day without "ante diem" or any Roman numerals.
- Always use capital Roman numerals for the year and lower-case Roman numerals for the date. For example, to write March 16, 2021, in Latin, you would write "ante diem xvii Kalendas Apriles MMXXI A.D."[5]
- Add the Latin suffix "-us" or "-a" to create a Latin version of a name. Some modern names have specific Latin translations, but you can also create your own Latin name to use when writing in Latin. Use "-us" for a masculine name or "-a" for a feminine name.[6]
- For example, "Mark" would become "Markus." A feminine name, such as "Karen," would become "Karena."
- This puts the name in the nominative or vocative case, so you would use it when you're addressing someone or using the name as the subject of the sentence. When the name is the object of the sentence or used in another way, decline the endings the same as you would any other noun.[7]
- For feminine names that end in "y," change the "y" to an "i" before you add the "a." For example, "Mary" becomes "Maria."
- Inflect nouns based on number, gender, and case. The ending of a noun changes depending on how many you're writing about (singular or plural) and whether the noun is classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. If you're familiar with European languages such as Italian, French, or Spanish, you have some experience with gendered nouns.[8]
- The ending also depends on how the noun is used in the sentence, with different endings depending on whether the noun is the subject, object, or indirect object—these are the cases. There are 2 additional cases, one indicates possession while the other indicates separation (nouns that are "by," "with," or "from" something else).
- If you're just getting started in Latin, find the Latin words for things you refer to every day. Make a chart with the inflected forms and study 5-10 words a week. Within just a few months, you'll have a healthy Latin vocabulary.
[Edit]Conjunctions - Use simple connecting words to form basic sentences. Don't worry about complicated sentence structures, especially if you're just starting to write in Latin. Basic connecting words such as "et" (and) and "sed" (but) will usually do the trick. Here are some others you can try:[9]
- "Nam" (for)
- "Ergo" (therefore, accordingly)
- "Igitur" (therefore)
- "Cum" (when, since, because)
- "Si" (if)
- "Nisi" (unless)[10]
[Edit]Verb Tense - Write Latin passages in present tense. In Latin, present tense is typically used for telling stories, even if what you're writing about happened in the past. Writing in present tense also keeps your writing relatively simple.[11]
- Use active voice primarily, which will also make your writing simpler and more direct.[12]
[Edit]Adjectives - Latin adjectives agree with the noun they modify. Like nouns, the endings of adjectives also change relative to number, gender, and case. With adjectives, these endings reflect the ending of the noun they modify, so no matter where the adjective appears in the sentence your reader will always know which word it applies to.[13]
- For example, suppose you wrote: "unitam logica falsa tuam philosophiam totam suffodiant" (may faulty logic undermine your entire philosophy).[14] In this rather unkind statement, it is clear which adjective belongs with which word ("falsa" with "logica" and "totam" with "philosophiam") because they have the same endings.
[Edit]Adverbs - Form adverbs regularly by changing the suffix of the adjective. Just as in English you form most adverbs by adding "-ly" to the adjective form, in Latin you also add a suffix to the adjective stem. Which suffix you add depends on the declension of the adjective:[15]
- 1st and 2nd declension adjectives: -ē, as in cārē (dearly), from cārus (dear), stem cāro-
- 3rd declension adjectives: -ter, as in fortiter (bravely), from fortis (brave), stem forti-
[Edit]Sentence Structure - Traditionally the verb is last, but Latin has a relatively free sentence structure. Because nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs are all inflected, anyone reading Latin can understand what's being said without taking clues from the order of the words in the sentence. This frees you up to put the words in an order that sounds best and works best rhythmically.[16]
- For example, you likely know the Latin sentence "cogito, ergo sum," which means "I think, therefore I am." In that case, the structure of the Latin sentence is exactly the same as the English translation. But you could also say "ergo sum cogito" and it would mean the same thing.
[Edit]Revising - Read your text out loud to make sure it flows properly. If you know how to pronounce Latin, this is the best way to revise your piece. By reading aloud, you'll immediately notice anything that sounds off.[17]
- When you're first making revisions, go sentence-by-sentence so it's easier to focus on the Latin. Then, do another read-through and consider how the sentences work together to form a complete passage. Add transitional words where needed to improve the flow of your writing.
[Edit]Formatting - If you're writing primarily in another language, use italics to set off the Latin. Quotes are typically marked with double quotation marks. But if you're including a Latin word or phrase in your writing, italics are typically appropriate since it's considered a foreign language. This doesn't apply to abbreviations, such as "e.g.," or Latin words and phrases that are commonly used, such as "quid pro quo."[18]
- For example, you might write, "It's rare for courts to overrule prior decisions because they follow the doctrine of stare decisis."
- If you're writing something for a class or for publication, always double-check the appropriate style guide to make sure. Some style guides have specific rules for Latin in certain situations, particularly in medicine, science, and law, where Latin terminology is commonly used.[19]
- Improve your fluency by reading popular books that have been translated into Latin, such as the Harry Potter books.
- Translating simple English passages into Latin is another way to improve your Latin skills. Start with children's books, which tend to have simpler sentences and more basic vocabulary that will be easier for you to translate.
[Edit]Warnings - This article assumes you already know the basics of Latin grammar. If you're just getting started, consider taking a course online or buying a Latin grammar textbook to get a better understanding before you start trying to write in Latin.
[Edit]References |
Nenhum comentário:
Postar um comentário