| How to Learn Turkish Posted: 05 Sep 2018 01:00 AM PDT Merhaba! There are more than 70 million people who speak Turkish, primarily living in Turkey, Northern Cyprus, and Cyprus. There are other Turkish speakers throughout Europe and Central Asia. If you want to learn Turkish, learning the alphabet is a good place to start. Since Turkish words are spoken as they are written, once you learn the alphabet it will be easy to sound words out, even if you don't entirely understand what they mean. Add some basic understanding of Turkish grammar and sentence structure, and you'll be well on your way to speaking this beautiful language. İyi şanslar! (Good luck!)[1] EditMastering the Turkish Alphabet - Pronounce most Turkish consonants like you would in English. The Turkish language uses a modified Latin alphabet that includes all but 3 letters found in the English alphabet. The Turkish alphabet does not include q, w, or x. Most of the other letters are pronounced the same as in English, with a few exceptions.[2]
- A Turkish c is pronounced somewhat like the j in the English word jar.
- A Turkish g is always pronounced like the g in the English word garden.
- A Turkish j is pronounced somewhat like the s in the English word pleasure.
- A Turkish r is sometimes pronounced like the r in the English word red, although its pronunciation varies depending on its position within a word.
- A Turkish y is always pronounced like the y in the English word yellow.
- Make the proper sound for Turkish vowels. Although the letters may look similar, Turkish vowels have a different sound than their English counterparts. They also have only one sound, as opposed to the short and long sounds of English vowels.[3]
- A Turkish a is pronounced somewhat like the u in the English word sun.
- A Turkish e is pronounced somewhat like the e in the English word egg.
- A Turkish i is pronounced somewhat like the i in the English word internet. Note that in Turkish, you also place a dot over the capital letter: İ.
- A Turkish o is pronounced somewhat like the o in the English word orange.
- A Turkish u is pronounced somewhat like the oo in the English word book.
- Learn how to pronounce letters that are unique to Turkish. There are 6 letters in the Turkish alphabet that are not included in the English alphabet, for a total of 29 letters. There are 3 additional consonants not found in English: ç, ǧ, and ş. There are also 3 vowels not found in English: ı, ö, and ü.[4]
- ǧ is a soft g. It always follows a vowel. If it follows an a, ı, o, or u, it lengthens the sound of that vowel. If it follows e, i, ö, or ü, then it sounds like the y in the English word yellow.
- ç sounds like the ch in the English word chat.
- ş sounds like the sh in the English word shoe.
- ı sounds like the i in the English word cousin.
- ö sounds like the ure in the English word cure.
- ü sounds like the u in the English word cute.
- Classify vowels as front or back, open or closed, and rounded or unrounded. Vowel harmony, a fundamental part of the Turkish language, is based on these 3 factors. Each describes how you physically produce the sound of each vowel using your tongue and mouth.[5]
- Vowels are rounded or unrounded depending on whether you round your lips to pronounce the vowel sound. e, i, a, and ı are unrounded vowels. o, ö, ü, and u are rounded vowels.
- Vowels are either front or back vowels depending on where you put your tongue in your mouth to make the vowel sound. e, i, ö, and ü are front vowels. a, ı, o, and u are back vowels.
- Vowels are open or closed depending on how much space you leave between your tongue and the roof of your mouth when making the vowel sound. e, a, ö, and o are open vowels. ı, i, ü, and u are closed vowels.
- Use â, î, and û to distinguish words that have the same spelling. There are many loanwords from other languages in Turkish, particularly from Arabic. If these words have the same spelling as another word that already exists in Turkish, these letters are used.[6]
- For example, kar means "snow," while kâr means "profit."
EditUnderstanding Basic Grammar and Sentence Structure - Use a suffix with a pronoun to convey a state of being. Unlike English, there is no verb in Turkish that means "to be." Rather, you add the "personal suffix" that corresponds to the pronoun to the object noun. There are 5 suffixes for first and second person singular, first and second person singular, and third person plural. There is no suffix for third person singular.[7]
- First person singular: Ben öğretmenim. (I am a teacher.)
- Second person singular: Sen öğretmensin. (You are a teacher.)
- First person plural: Biz öğretmeniz. (We are teachers.)
- Second person plural: Siz öğretmensiniz. (You all are teachers.) Note that like many European languages, such as Spanish and French, this form is also used as a polite, formal form of address – typically with elders or people in a position of authority.
- Third person plural: Onlar öğretmenler. (They are teachers.)
- Omit the leading pronoun when using the personal suffix. Since there is a different personal suffix for each pronoun, you can tell what the pronoun is by the suffix used. For this reason, the leading pronoun is usually left off the sentence to avoid redundancy.[8]
- For example, you would typically simply say "öğretmenim" to mean "I am a teacher."
- Add suffixes to change the grammatical features of a root word. While you may add a suffix to a word in English, you may add multiple suffixes to a root word in the Turkish language. These suffixes indicate mood, negation, passivity, plurality, possession, questioning, and many other features. All of these suffixes can make for some long, intimidating words – but they aren't so scary if you know how to break them down.[9]
- Unlike German, long words in Turkish aren't combinations of distinct words. Rather, they consist of a root word with various suffixes that describe that root word, ultimately making the root word more precise.
- For example, if you take the word ev (meaning "house") and add suffixes, you end up with evimdekilerden, which means "some of the ones in my house."
- Harmonize suffix vowels with the final vowel of the root word. Vowels in suffix match the final vowel of the root word in terms of being front or back, open or closed, and rounded or unrounded. The goal is to say a word with the least amount of oral movement possible. This enables words to flow more smoothly.[10]
- For example, the suffix -siz means without. To say "without meat," add this suffix to the Turkish word et. The result is etsiz. To say "without salt," harmonize the suffix -siz with the Turkish word tuz: tuzsuz.
- As another example, consider the suffix -ler, which makes words plural. There are two forms, -ler and -lar. Which one you use depends on the last vowel of the root word. Gözler means eyes while telefonlar means telephones.
- Don't be intimidated by vowel harmony. Even if you use the wrong vowel, people will still understand you. When in doubt, simply go with the vowel sound that seems easiest to say.
- Change consonants when pronunciation changes. Sometimes adding a suffix to a word will change the pronunciation of the final consonant of the root word. The reason for this change is to make the word easier to say. Since Turkish is written phonetically, if your pronunciation of the root word changes, you must also change the letter to match the pronunciation.[11]
- When you add a suffix to a word so that the consonant is then surrounded by vowels, change a p to a b, a ç to a c, a t to a d, or a k to a g or ğ.
- For example, in the Turkish word kitap (meaning "book"), the p would change to a b if you added the suffix -im: Benim kitabım ("my book").
- If the root word is only a single syllable, you generally won't change the final consonant. Consonants never change in proper nouns and words that are loan words from other languages.
- Place the verb at the end of any sentence. The Turkish language uses the subject-object-verb word order in sentences. While this word order is used in many other languages, such as German and Japanese, it may be more of a challenge for native English speakers.[12]
- For example, if you wanted to say "the boy threw the ball to the dog" in Turkish, you would say "oğlan topu köpeğe attı." The literal translation would be the boy (oğlan) the ball (topu) to the dog (köpeğe) threw (attı).
- Use resources available on the Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK) website. The TDK ("Turkish Language Association" in English) is the official language regulator for the Turkish language, and is a part of the Turkish government. The organization's website (http://tdk.gov.tr/) has a free online dictionary, as well as other language and writing publications and resources.[13]
- In addition to dictionaries, there are also grammar and writing guides available, as well as a regular journal put out by the organization about developments in the Turkish language.
EditImmersing Yourself in the Language - Listen to Turkish music often. The Turkish language uses harmonizing vowels, and some of these sounds may be strange to your ears, particularly if you are a native English speaker. Listening to Turkish music enables you to hear the fluidity and musicality of the language. Once you can hear this, you will be able to understand and pronounce words better.[14]
- You can find music videos for Turkish songs on video sites, such as YouTube. Turkish music is also available on popular music streaming services.
- Visit the Free Music Archive at http://freemusicarchive.org/genre/Turkish/ to download free Turkish songs.
- Read children's books in Turkish. Children's books are designed to help beginners learn to read, and will include basic vocabulary in simple, easy to read sentences. The pictures in a children's book put the words in context so you can better understand the meaning of unfamiliar words.
- Follow the latest world news in Turkish. There are a number of Turkish websites that offer articles and videos about current events in Turkey and the rest of the world. These articles give you a glimpse into Turkish social and political affairs, while also helping you practice your reading or listening skills.
- Explore Turkish social media groups and online forums. Social media and forums allow you to connect with native speakers in Turkey, as well as others around the world who are learning the language. If you search for "Türkçe" you'll have a better chance of finding forums and groups that actually use the Turkish language.
- There are a number of Turkish forums on Reddit, including https://www.reddit.com/r/turkishlearning/, a subreddit devoted entirely to posts related to learning the Turkish language.
- There is a Turkish WhatsApp group for practicing Turkish at https://chat.whatsapp.com/D9VRqljWYTOKQjviSBjw6P. Users chat only in Turkish, so you should have a good grasp of the basics before you try this group.
- When chatting with people online, safeguard your privacy. Be cautious revealing any personal information about yourself until you're sure you can trust the person.
- Plan a visit to Turkey or Northern Cyprus. If it is within your means to do so, a trip to Turkey or Northern Cyprus will give you a chance to fully immerse yourself in the language. This is especially true if you travel outside the major cities, where fewer people speak English.[15]
- If you are entering a mosque, get a lightweight shawl or scarf that you can use to cover your hair (for female-identifying individuals) and wear long sleeves and long pants (for all genders).
- If you want to sign up for a more traditional language learning class, you might first try https://www.turkishclass101.com/. This website offers a free lifetime account and releases new lessons in Turkish every week. You can learn at your own pace.
- A massive list of free online resources and mobile apps for learning Turkish is available at http://gratisglobal.com/learn-turkish-free/.
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| How to Keep Spiders Out of Your Car Posted: 04 Sep 2018 05:00 PM PDT Although usually harmless, spiders are invasive and can cause damage to your car's interior. Whether you're preventing or controlling a spider infestation, you can use one of several techniques to keep spiders away from your car. Cleaning your car, using natural spider repellents, and changing the way you park or use the lights can all help get rid of spiders in your car. With time and diligence, your car will be clean and spider-free again! EditPreventing Spider Infestations - Remove clutter and unnecessary items from the car. Spiders hide in any dark, secluded space they can find, so do your best to eliminate hiding spots in your vehicle. Throw away any garbage in your car and place all items you don't need in a plastic or reusable bag. Place the bag in the trunk and, when you have time, take it out of the car and drop it off at your home.[1]
- Clean and vacuum your car thoroughly. Spiders like to hide in dark, dirty areas. Taking the time to clean out your car can prevent spiders from finding places to live within it. Vacuum your car's floors, paying special attention to corners or any crumbs, and wipe down the interior.[2]
- Try to clean out your car at least once a week to prevent infestations.
- Ensure your car doors seal tightly. Run your fingers along the rubber seals along each door and check for damage. If you notice any cracks or broken areas, hire a mechanic to repair or replace your rubber seals.[3]
- Because spiders can enter your car through small holes, rubber seals are essential for keeping spiders out.
- If you notice dirt or debris clogging the rubber seals, clean them with a wet washcloth to improve their efficiency.
- Do not leave your car idling for long periods of time. The vibrations that idling cars make disturb spiders and, while trying to escape the vibrations, may cause them to hide in your car. If possible, avoid turning your car on before you need it, particularly if your car is prone to spider infestations.[4]
- Spiders move towards, not away from, idling cars because they expect to find a "ground zero" in the car where the vibrations can't hurt them. It's comparable to seeking shelter in the eye of a hurricane.
- The larger your car is, the more likely that it will attract spiders while idling.
EditUsing Spider Repellents - Mix an essential oil spray to ward off spiders naturally. Because of their strong scent and taste, several essential oils repel spiders and other insects. Mix 5-7 drops of an essential oil with of water in a spray bottle and spritz it around your car. The following essential oils work particularly well for repelling spiders:[5]
- Citrus
- Rosemary
- Garlic
- Peppermint
- Lavender
- Spread eucalyptus leaves around your car as a non-toxic repellant. Eucalyptus leaves are a natural spider repellent with a botanical smell. Place fresh eucalyptus leaves in your car's storage compartments (like the trunk and glove box) to ward off spiders from a specific area.[6]
- You can buy eucalyptus leaves online or from some plant nurseries.
- Spray a non-toxic spider repellant in your car to get rid of spiders quickly. Look for spider repellents at outdoor, garden, or home improvement stores. Choose a spider repellent labeled "non-toxic" to prevent poisoning or skin irritation.[7] Spray it on the vents, door mirrors, tires, and under the hood, as these are the 4 most likely places for spiders to hide out in your car. Reapply the spider repellent once a week to ward off future infestations.[8]
- Because you and other people will be sitting in your car, don't use toxic spider repellents.
- If you notice spiders in other areas of your car, feel free to spray the repellant there as well. But, avoid spraying any electronics like the radio or car charging port.
- Use a cotton bud to apply the repellent around the rubber door seals as well.
EditControlling Car Infestations - Catch and get rid of any existing spiders in your car. Remove any spiders that you see while cleaning to prevent them from laying eggs in your car. Trap the spider with a cup or with your hands and exterminate it or release it far away from your car.[9]
- If you can't or would prefer not to touch the spiders, set up spider sticky traps around the car where you've seen spiders before.
- Vacuum your entire car. Using a vacuum with a tube attachment, look for and suck away any spider egg sacks, webs, or additional spiders that you see. Pay special attention to the corners or areas under mats and chairs. Suck up any dirt, crumbs, or other debris you see as well—it could be attracting the spiders.[10]
- After vacuuming the car, remove the vacuum bag and discard it far away from your car to prevent any spiders from escaping.
- Spider egg sacks are usually small, oval-shaped grey bundles with a silky consistency.
- Turn off your interior car lights while using your car. Spiders are attracted to bright lights, so keep your inside car lights turned off at all times if you've noticed an infestation. At night when you need your exterior lights on, turn them off immediately after parking.[11]
- If someone uses electronics in your car, ask them to turn the screen to a low brightness setting.
- Fix any cracks or holes in your car so spiders can't get in it. Spiders are most likely to slip through any cracks, gaps, or holes in your car's exterior. Inspect your car for damage, particularly any holes leading to your car interior, and fix them yourself or take your car to a certified mechanic for repairs. Eliminating open spaces will make it more difficult for spiders to enter your car.[12]
- This only applies to cracks, gaps, or holes made by damage. Never try to seal your car's doors, vents, windows, or pipes.
- If you have a broken or cracked windshield, for example, repair it yourself or hire a mechanic to fix it as soon as possible.
- Diesel cars are most likely to attract spiders because of their size and tendency to vibrate while idling. Don't use or purchase diesel cars if you're strongly concerned about spider infestations.[13]
- If getting rid of spiders on your own doesn't seem to work, hire an exterminator to evaluate and treat the problem.[14]
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| How to Buy Fresh Oysters Posted: 04 Sep 2018 09:00 AM PDT Eating fresh oysters can be a healthy, sustainable option for any seafood lover, adding a hint of sophistication and pageantry to your dining experience. However, sourcing, buying and storing oysters can be an intimidating experience. With some basic insight into what to look for when purchasing fresh oysters, you will ensure your full enjoyment of this culinary treat. EditLocating Fresh Oysters - Visit your local fishmonger. Ask your fishmonger when they receive their oyster delivery and try to buy on, or as close to that day as possible.[1] This ensures you will get the freshest oysters.
- Go to the local farmers market. A lot of oyster farmers sell directly at farmers markets, so the oysters wouldn't have traveled far, and will be nice and fresh. This is a great opportunity to get to know your farmers, who have an indispensable wealth of knowledge when it comes to their oysters.[2]
- Go to your local supermarket. The fish counter at your local supermarket should stock fresh oysters. Supermarket shellfish can be sourced from various locations, so ask the person at the fish counter where their oysters are from, and when they were delivered.
- Look into buying your oysters online. Some fishmongers offer overnight delivery within 24 hours, straight to your door. [3] Do an internet search of your local area to see if there are any available services near to you. This may be a benefit to you if you live in a landlocked area.
EditBuying Your Oysters - Look at how the oysters are displayed. Oysters on display should be kept cool by lying on a bed of ice. The cup-like part of the shell should be resting on the ice, with the flat top facing up. If they are not, more than likely the brine of the oyster will have drained, and the oyster may be dead. [4]
- Avoid oysters displayed in tanks. Oysters are able to live happily in a tank of water, but it is considered unsanitary, and will also drastically reduce their quality. They will continuously filter the water, which eventually flushes out all the flavours of its natural liquor.
- Avoid oysters that don't respond to being tapped. Fresh oysters are live creatures and should close their shells when tapped. If one is open and doesn't close fully when disturbed, they are most likely dead and should not be purchased. [5]
- Taste one of the oysters. Sampling is a good indicator of how fresh the oysters are. They should taste like the sea, salty and briny with a hint of sweetness. If it is at all bitter, spit it out, and do not eat it. The meat should be plump and surrounded by clear or slightly milky liquid known as the brine or liquor.[6]
- Sniff the oysters. Oysters should smell sea fresh, with a mild, salty scent. Avoid them if they have a strong, or rancid odour. [7]
- Feel the weight of the oysters. Oysters that have plenty of meat should feel weighty in your hand. If they feel too light they may have been drained of their brine or dead.
- Ask to see the oyster tag identification. Every fishmonger will have a tag that shows when and where the oysters were harvested, this will give you a good idea on the oysters' freshness. The tag is a legal requirement and should be produced when asked.[8]
- Buy your oysters last. To avoid your oysters from going bad whilst you're out shopping, buy them last. [9]
EditStoring Your Fresh Oysters - Do not shuck your oysters straight away. Avoid shucking your oysters until you are ready to eat them as they are best served freshly opened. Storing them in their closed shells rather than open, keeps them in their brine, locking in their flavor, and reduces the risk of them going bad.
- Place them in an open container. Store them as soon as possible either on a rimmed tray, metal bowl or open container. The ideal container is one that is open, and self-draining.[10] Gently place the oysters in the container with the cup part of the shell on the bottom, and the flat part facing upwards. This ensures you don't drain their liquor.
- Avoid placing your oysters directly on ice or storing them in an airtight container, as this can potentially kill them. If you do keep them on ice, only do so for an hour. [11]
- Cover them with a damp tea towel or cloth. Soak a clean, thin tea towel or cloth in clean water. Ring it out thoroughly, and gently place it over the oysters in their container.
- Refrigerate your oysters. Place your oysters on a top shelf, towards the back of your fridge where it is coolest and away from open food. Ideally the fridge's temperature should be between 4 °C and 10 °C. [12]
- Check your oysters regularly. Drain any excess water at the bottom of the container.[13] If the cloth has dried out, dampen it again and gently cover the oysters. It is normal to lose an oyster or two, but check that they are all still alive. If one is slightly open and doesn't close again when tapped, don't eat it, and throw it away.
- Store them for up to 2 days. Oysters are considered highly perishable, and so should be eaten sooner rather than later. Try to eat them within 24 hours of purchase, as this ensures that they are fresh and flavorsome, and will eliminate any potential of your oysters going bad.[14].
- If you were given a use by date when buying your oysters, use that as a reference.
- If you don't feel confident in purchasing your oysters, ask your fishmonger for advice. It is better to make an informed decision.
- Try to buy oysters from cold water regions. Cooler regions such as off the coasts of Canada, the Pacific Northwest, New Zealand and around the southern hemisphere tend to produce the better quality oysters. [15]
- The best months for sourcing oysters are from September to January, when they are well fed, and less active after spawning season.
- Oysters are generally eaten raw and have been known to be a health risk if they are not sourced or stored properly. It's recommended that you check your oysters for any defects, such as cracked shells, bad odors, or if the shell is open and doesn't close when tapped.
- As with all raw and live shellfish there is the risk of them carrying a common type of bacteria called Vibrio parahaemolyticus or Vibriosis, which causes food poisoning. If you get ill after eating raw oysters seek medical attention.
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