| How to Care for Cattle Posted: 02 Feb 2019 04:00 PM PST It's important to know how to care for your cattle well before you purchase your first herd. Raising cattle requires that you take care of cows, steers, calves, and bulls. Before the animals arrive on your land, create a series of paddocks and shelters suitable for your herd size. Then, start caring for the cattle directly by providing for their food, water, and health needs. For additional guidance and help, it's always a good idea to work with an experienced livestock veterinarian. EditCreating Shelters and Paddocks - Provide at least 2 acres per animal for year-round pasture grazing. This is a general estimate of the minimum amount of space needed if you plan to let your cattle rely primarily on field roughage (grass) for food all year round. This estimate takes into account the fact that grass production slows in the winter months.[1]
- More space is even better since it gives you a safety net in the event of any grass problems or drought.
- Give your cattle feed if you have less than 2 acres of land per animal. If you are working with a small farm space, it simply means that you'll need to provide food supplementation in the form of cattle feed. Talk with your livestock vet about exactly how much grain your herd will require throughout the year, as it will vary by season.[2]
- You can buy cattle feed at your local feed store or even online via bulk suppliers.
- Cattle feed is usually a blend of grains, such as barley or wheat.
- Determine how many paddocks you will need. There is no exact formula to figure out how to size paddocks or how to divide cattle into them. Take inventory of the animals that you own and think about natural divisions, such as keeping cows/calves separate from bulls. You'll also want to balance out your herd, so that it will be easier to rotate between paddocks.[3]
- As a general rule, the smaller your paddocks are, the more often you'll need to rotate your cattle to keep them from depleting the area's resources.
- Design the paddocks according to the contours and resources of your land. Once you know the rough size and number of your paddocks, look at an overhead map of your land. Separate your land into square-shaped paddocks with alleys in between them. When mapping everything out, try to divide up natural water features.[4]
- Also, consider the location of any watering holes or stations. Ideally, you want your animals to avoid trekking up and down rough or uneven terrain to get to water.
- Segmenting shaded spaces into separate paddocks can also help minimize grass damage. As cows gather in shaded areas they tend to ruin the surrounding grass, so it's best to isolate this activity to keep your grass healthy.
- Make the paddocks out of temporary fencing initially. Because there is always a bit of guesswork involved in paddock design, installing temporary polywire or polytape fencing lets you make adjustments as necessary without a major hassle. Use fiberglass or industrial plastic posts and attach the poly fencing in between at the height of a cow's head. Electrifying the fence can provide an added level of security, too.[5]
- Your alleys should be somewhere between wide. This makes it easier to mow or move machinery in between paddocks. Placing a fine layer of gravel on your alleys will keep them from getting too muddy.
- Place your gates in the corners and design them with the rotation of animals between paddocks in mind. Make the transition to permanent fencing by using a rail and board or steel post design.
- If you plan to plant fresh grass in your paddock, do so at least 6 weeks before introducing your cattle. Kentucky bluegrass, alfalfa, orchard grass, and white clover are all good sources of nutrients for cattle.
- Rotate your cattle between the paddocks daily. If you place your entire herd into a single paddock, they will eat away at the grasses and ruin the space. Instead, move your herd once or twice a day to different paddock spaces. Round up your cattle, open the connecting gates between paddocks, and drive your cattle into the new paddock space.[6]
- For example, you'll need to protect paddocks with less productive grasses, such as Kentucky bluegrass. You may need to rotate your cattle out of this space more frequently.
- Adjust how frequently you rotate your cattle according to the specific season. In the spring and summer, you'll need to move them more frequently to keep up with the grass growth.
- Ensure that your cattle have access to either high ground or shelter. If extreme weather hits, you need to be able to move your cattle to a paddock with high ground, so that they can ride out the rain or flooding without injuries. Alternatively, you can build a barn or fenced in area with roof coverage for your cattle, but this is a luxury that many cattle owners do not create.
- If you choose to keep your cattle in a contained area, muck out the manure regularly to avoid the spread of diseases.
- Check that the flooring of any housing is slip-resistant. This will reduce the possibility of injury to the animals, especially in wet conditions.
EditProviding Basic Necessities - Supply fresh water for your cattle. If a stream or river runs through a paddock space, it can provide a source of water for your cattle. You can construct an access ramp, so that cows can access the water easier without polluting it. Or, you can use a siphon system to fill up water tanks from this source.[7]
- Another alternative is to install an animal-operated pasture pump. This is a water pump that is triggered by a cow's nose pressing against the lever in the water tank. Then, the water is automatically siphoned up from the river to fill the tank.
- If you are using a freshwater spring or river as a water source, it's important to clean it out periodically to ensure that it doesn't become contaminated and spread disease.
- As a general rule, cattle need daily access to between 1-2 gallons of fresh water per 100 pounds of body weight. This means that you'll want at least 1 tank per paddock that can hold the minimal amount of daily water for the animals in that space.
- Supplement their diet with feed. Pastured cattle can survive by primarily eating grass. However, if your cattle are primarily in a dry-lot or if the weather is poor, then supplementing with grain or hay is a good idea. Talk with your vet about which grain or hay to use and how much to feed your cattle.[8]
- Use a hay rack or clean feed container in a paddock or barn to give your cattle hay or grain. Wet, moldy food can actually sicken your animals. If the hay or grain gets wet, discard it immediately.
- Feeding your cattle grain helps you to form a positive relationship with them, too. They'll associate you with food and are more likely to come to your calls.
- Provide a source of salt. Cattle can't store salt in their system, which means that they need to ingest it daily for health. Fill up a feeder with a fortified trace mineral salt mixture and place it near where your cattle sleep at night whether in a paddock or barn. In addition, place at least 1 rock salt and mineral-blend block in each paddock.[9]
- You can purchase these salt products at your local feed store or even online through an agricultural supply company.
- As a general rule, a 1,300-1,400 pound cow will need between 35-45 grams of salt per day. If you have 100 cows, then you'll need about a 55 pound bag of mineral salt mixture each week.
- If your cows balk at the taste of the salt mixture, try stirring in some dried molasses to improve the flavor.
- Work with a livestock vet to monitor your herd's health. Your vet will be able to tell you which vaccinations are suggested for your cattle. Some shots you may be able to give on your own, but others will require a vet visit. It's also important to monitor your dry-lot cattle especially closely, as they are more prone to illnesses, such as pneumonia.[10]
- A dry-lot is a fenced area that is free from grass. Most cattle owners rotate their animals between dry-lots, grassed areas, and enclosures. Dry-lot cattle often suffer from respiratory illnesses caused by the dust in the air.
- Cattle vaccinations can help to protect your animals from diseases, such as blackleg or Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD).
- Monitor the health of your bulls closely during breeding season, as they can injure one another in the process of competition for breeding rights.
EditHandling Your Cattle Effectively - Train your cattle to respond to particular sounds. When you first see your cattle, honk your car horn in a certain pattern, ring a cow bell, or yell out a phrase or noise. You can also make these sounds when you feed your cattle, so that they'll associate responding to you with food. Keep working at training until your cattle recognize your noise and respond to it.[11]
- In some cases, your cattle will learn to respond to your call in around a week. However, it might take longer, depending on the animals and your training methods.
- The most effective training approach combines consistency with an immediate reward, such as hay. For example, if you arrive at the paddock at the same time every day, ring a bell, and then give your cows hay when they respond, they'll associate listening to your bell with food.
- Treat your cattle gently and without violence. Using electric cattle prods can actually make your cattle behave recklessly. Similarly, whips can also scare your cattle and make them not trust you. Instead, to encourage your cattle to move, apply gentle pressure with a plastic paddle or the sides of a broom.[12]
- A paddle is often a good idea because it is a wider tool and cattle can more easily track it. If you move slowly and carefully, then this can minimize their fear.
- Also, if you grab your cattle' tails, do so carefully to avoid injuring them. Pulling or twisting their tails can actually cause breakage.
- Keep your animals calm by pairing them up. Since cattle are herd animals, it can frighten them to be touched or moved around alone. When you need to treat or inspect an animal, separate it out with at least 2 others in tow. Similarly, if you notice a cow or bull becoming aggressive it could be because they are not comfortable in too small of a herd.
- If you are working with younger animals or calves, bring in a few mature cows to keep them calm.
- Hire only experienced cattle handlers. If you have a number of cattle or just need extra help, then reach out to others in the agricultural community for possible job candidates. Look for people who have worked with cattle before and who are familiar with how to care for them properly. Once you hired someone, spend some time observing them in the field.
- Request that your employees continue their cattle-related education by taking agricultural classes at the local college or even by watching instructional videos online.
- If you are new to cattle-raising, try starting small with just 1-2 animals.
- Find a mentor if you are new to cattle raising. Reach out to your local livestock veterinarians, dairymen, cattle breeders, or agricultural industry professionals.[13]
- Owning a cow or steer is a long commitment, as some animals live upwards of 18 years. Make sure to carefully consider this before building your herd.[14]
- Monitor your fencing on a regular basis to ensure that there are no sharp points or breaks. Pointed areas can harm your animals and damaged fencing can contribute to escapes.
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| How to Clean Adidas Gazelles Posted: 02 Feb 2019 08:00 AM PST Known for their brightly colored suede lining and iconic Adidas striping, Adidas Gazelle sneakers offer a unique blend of performance and style. If you own a pair of Gazelles, however, you know that their soft suede exterior can be tricky to clean and maintain. With a few tips on how to properly clean and protect your classic kicks, your Adidas Gazelles will stay looking and smelling fresh for years to come![1] EditTreating Stains on Suede - Remove excess dirt and shoelaces. Prepare your shoes for cleaning by brushing away excess dirt, removing the shoelaces, and stuffing your shoes with newspaper or a shoe tree to protect their shape. You can use either a shoe brush or a damp rag to clean off the top layer of dirt clinging to the surface of your shoes.
- Suede is soft and fairly delicate. Use gentle brushing motions to clear away dirt.
- You can wash your laces either by hand or by placing them in a mesh laundry bag in a washing machine.
- Treat food and salt stains with vinegar and water. If you wear your Gazelles through the winter they may accumulate salt stains. To remove salt stains, apply a mixture of 2 parts water and 1 part vinegar to the stained area with a rag. Allow it to dry, then gently go over the area with a brush.
- White vinegar works best.[2]
- Remove oil and grease stains with baking soda. Pour a small amount of baking soda on the stain and allow it to sit for several hours as it draws in the liquid. Gently brush away the baking soda with an old toothbrush using a circular motion.[3]
- Oil and grease stains can be very tough to remove. If the stain is too strong for the baking soda cleaning method, you should consider having your shoes professionally cleaned.
- Mist dried water stains with water. Strangely enough, the treatment for dried water stains is adding more water. But only a small amount! Lightly mist the area around the stain, then gently brush the spot in a circular motion.[4]
- Focus your brushing especially on the borderlines of the dried water stain. The spot should blend in with the rest of the shoe after drying.
- Use a white pencil eraser to remove scuffs. Scuff marks are caused when the fibers of the suede material on your Gazelles get flattened. You can use a pencil eraser to gently rub the affected area to lift the nap and remove any markings.[5]
- Avoid using a pink eraser as the color might transfer to your shoe.
- For especially difficult scuff marks you can use a fingernail file.
EditCleaning the Leather Stripes and Sole - Remove the shoe insoles and deodorize the shoe's interior. To keep your shoes smelling fresh, don't forget to clean inside! After removing the insoles, spray them with a deodorizing cleanser to kill any odor-causing bacteria. You can also spray a rag and wipe the interior of your shoe to combat any lingering odor. Allow your shoes and the insoles to air dry.
- Lysol or Febreze are both cleaners that eliminate odor-causing bacteria.
- If you would prefer a natural option, you can use tea tree oil or other essential oil. Place several drops of tea tree oil onto a rag and wipe the interior of the shoe. For tough odors, add several drops to a paper towel and leave inside the shoe overnight. Tea tree oil is thought to have antibacterial and anti-fungal properties.[6]
- Wipe leather parts with a rag dampened with water. Carefully wipe the leather stripes on the shoe's exterior with a rag to remove dirt. Make sure to avoid smearing dirt onto the suede sections of your shoes. If your rag gets dirty, use a fresh rag and continue cleaning. This will help ensure that dirt doesn't accidentally come in contact with the suede.
- For stubborn dirt or mud, use a mild detergent diluted with water to dampen your rag.
- Avoid applying leather cleaner to the stripes as it may damage nearby suede.
- Use a rag dampened with a diluted cleaning solution to clean the bottom of the shoes. Dirt may have also accumulated around the external rim of the shoe's sole. Dampen a rag with a diluted detergent mixture to wipe away the dirt.
- You can use an old toothbrush to scrub away any dry or caked on dirt stuck to the rubber sole.
- Brush the entire shoe for a uniform texture. After cleaning the leather, use a shoe brush or dry rag to go over the entire shoe once more. This will smooth out any rough areas caused by the spot treatments, leaving a smooth, uniform look.
EditProtecting and Maintaining Your Gazelles - Apply protective spray to minimize future stains. Now that you've gotten your Gazelles looking clean and spiffy it is time to protect them from future stains and dirt! Shoe stores carry a variety of different protective sprays which are designed to be applied to suede shoes.
- Follow the application instructions listed on the spray bottle.
- Brush your shoes regularly with a shoe brush to eliminate dirt. Dirt build-up over time can cause your shoes to look prematurely worn-out. Similarly, scuff marks can accumulate and become more difficult to remove over time. Regularly brushing the suede on your Gazelles will keep them looking fresh and new!
- You may want to consider investing in a suede brush, which is specifically constructed for this type of maintenance.
- Avoid wearing your shoes in the rain as water stains suede easily. Suede is especially susceptible to water damage. If possible, it is best not to wear your Gazelles in the rain.
- Though you may be tempted to speed up the drying time after cleaning your shoes, never place your them near heaters or in the dryer. Intense heat can warp the shape of your shoes![7]
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| How to Drink Red Wine Posted: 02 Feb 2019 12:00 AM PST Red wines are rich, complex, and can add a whole new dimension to your culinary experiences. Finding out which red wines you prefer can be a fun experiment as you sample what red wines have to offer. Once you know what kind of red wines you enjoy, pair them with complementing foods and share them with your friends. Then, if you really want to deepen your understanding of red wine, try traveling to a winery that offers red wine tastings! EditChoosing a Red Wine - Select a Cabernet Sauvignon for a balanced, classic red wine. Cabernet Sauvignons are very popular and served all over the world. It has flavors of black cherry, currants, and a touch of bell peppers. Often, a Cabernet Sauvignons have a slightly oaky scent with traces of herbs and vanilla.[1]
- Cabernet Sauvignons are a great red wine to try out because they straddle the line between dry and sweet.
- Go with Merlot if you want an accessible table wine. Merlots are easy to enjoy and can fit many situations, but they typically lack complexity compared to other red wines. They have rich, fruity flavors that might remind you of strawberries, cherries, plums, and even watermelon.
- If you tend to have a sweeter palate, Merlots might be for you. Although not all Merlots are sweet, they tend not to have strong tannins, so they won't create the sensation in your mouth that dry wines are known for.
- Pick a Pinot Noir if you are looking for a wine with complex flavors. A Pinot Noir can range in flavor and aroma depending on the climate in the region the grapes were grown. They can produce the flavors of raspberries, clove, licorice, cherries, blackberries, plums. Some have hints of roasted tomato, beets, and rose petal.[2]
- If you are looking for a red wine that encourages you to sit and ponder its flavor profile, Pinot Noir is for you!
- Grab a Red Zinfandel if you want a dry wine with rich fruity flavors. Zinfandels are known for their dark fruit flavors like black cherry, raisin, prune, and blackberry. They often have smokey and spicy undertones. Their aroma often suggests a swirl of vanilla, jam, and oak.[3]
- Zinfandels are another great way to begin your exploration of red wines. Their flavors are complex and bold. They also typically have high alcohol content.
- Try Tempranillo if you seek something less conventional. Tempranillo's originate from Spain and Portugal. They have a spicy, earthy taste with hints of cherry and plum. They often have a smoky fragrance that is similar to unburnt tobacco. Usually, Tempranillos are fairly dry wines because they have an abundance of tannins.[4]
EditTasting Red Wines - Open your wine. Most wines either have a cork or a screw cap. Caps can simply be twisted off. For corked bottles, drive a corkscrew into the center of the cork until the spiral disappears. Then lift up on the corkscrew until the cork is pulled from the bottle.[5]
- Generally, wines with a screw top are cheaper and more vulnerable to aging. However, just because a wine has a screw top doesn't mean it's a bad wine![6]
- Serve the wine at room temperature, or slightly colder. Most red wines should be served at about degrees. If a red wine is served chilled, most of its flavors will be stunted. If it is served too warm, the taste of alcohol might overwhelm the wine's flavors. Store your red wine in a cool, dark place to maintain a decent temperature.[7]
- There are a few red wines that are meant to be served chilled. These are typically sweeter dessert wines or concord blends.[8]
- If you really want to get into red wines, consider purchasing a red wine fridge that will keep your wines good for longer!
- Use a red wine glass if you have one. Red wine glasses are shorter and wider than white wine glasses to give the wine as much contact with the air as possible. However, if you don't have a red wine glass, any wine glass or slightly rounded glass cup will do![9]
- Pour wine until the glass is about 1/4 to 1/3 of the way full. When tasting a wine, a standard pour is around half the size of a normal pour. Typically, this means you will pour about . There should be plenty of room in the glass so that you can swirl the wine around and dip their nose into the glass without it touching the wine.[10]
- A bottle of wine has roughly 10 tasting servings. For a party of 8-10 people, you will need at least two bottles of each wine that you want everyone to taste.
- Hold the glass by the stem if it has one. If you don't hold the wine by the stem, your fingertips will heat up the wine and change the wine's flavor. Additionally, you may leave smudges on the wine glass, which is never attractive![11]
- Most people hold the glass towards the base of the stem. Grip the stem with your thumb and index finger, and rest your remaining fingers on the base for stability.
- Examine the color of the wine from every angle. Look straight down the center of the glass to see the depth of the wine's color. Tilt the glass to the side and hold it up to the light to see how clear the wine looks. Give the glass a good swirl to see if the wine forms "legs" that run down the side of the glass like raindrops.[12]
- The clarity of a wine will tell you about the quality of its craftsmanship. If a wine is murky, it might have had some problems in the fermentation process or was unfiltered.
- The "legs" of the wine that are created by swirling it in a glass will tell you how rich and dense the wine is. The bigger the "legs" the bolder the flavors and alcohol content.
- Smell the wine's fragrance. A wine's aroma is an important part of its flavor profile. Swirl the wine in your glass to expose more of the wine's surface area to the air. This brings out the scents and flavors in the wine. Stick your entire nose into the glass and inhale deeply.[13]
- The senses of smell and taste are closely linked, so be sure to give the wine a good sniff between each sip.
- It's ok if you don't smell a lot at first! The more you smell wines, the more you'll learn to distinguish individual flavors, like fruity, smoky, and earthy tones.
- Sip the wine slowly. Hold enough wine in your mouth to completely cover your tongue. Lightly swish the wine around your mouth so that it coats your entire palate. Swallow the wine after it has been in your mouth for at least ten seconds.
- You can draw in some air between your teeth to further enhance the flavor. Your tongue only has the four basic tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, and acidic), so pulling air across the wine in your mouth will bring out the aromas that can be detected by the nasal passage along the back of your throat. This is sometimes called "chewing" the wine.[14]
EditPairing Wine and Food - Combine Cabernet Sauvignon with red meats. Cabernet Sauvignon goes perfectly with hearty meat dishes like roasted lamb or beef. If you are looking to make a great steak taste even better, try it with a glass of Cabernet Sauvignon.
- Most Cabernet Sauvignons have strong tannins, which refresh your palate after every bit of meat.[15]
- Match Merlot with roasted fowl and lighter meats. Merlot is a versatile wine and it pairs well with many foods. Chicken, duck, turkey, and rabbit are all popular meats that go well with Merlot. It also brings out the flavor in couscous, moussaka, goat cheese, and spicy Chinese food.[16]
- Merlots tend to be lighter, fruity wines on the sweeter side of the spectrum. If you are eating something that is lighter and salty, chances are a Merlot will pair with it well.
- Pair Pinot Noir with earthy dishes. Mushrooms, truffles, and mild cheeses are ideal foods to eat with a Pinot Noir. Pinot Noirs often have a light body but have a lot of savoriness in their flavor, which balances and accentuates the earthy tones in your food.[17]
- A drier, full-bodied Pinot Noir could also match well with roasted turkey or lamb.[18]
- Drink Red Zinfandels with rich and hearty foods. Sauteed mushrooms, roast venison, and pates will complement the depth and complexity of a Red Zinfandel. They also pair well with spicy food and barbecue. Sharp cheeses like Double Gloucester, Aged Gruyere, Havarti, Gorgonzola are also great with a Zinfandel.[19]
- If you like smoked meats or dishes that incorporate roasted tomatoes, try them with a Red Zinfandel. This accentuates the savoriness of both the wine and the food.
- Try some Tempranillo with spicy foods. The zestiness of a Tempranillo makes it a great companion with all kinds of spicy food. Indian Curries, spicy barbecue, and even hot wings can be greatly enhanced by a glass of Tempranillo. Cajun food, in particular, goes well with Tempranillo. Try it with some Jambalaya, Gumbo, or a Cajun-flavored steak.[20]
- Tempranillos are difficult to pair with a cheese. If you really want to serve cheese a Tempranillo, get something soft and smokey like smoked provolone or brie.
- Avoid the foods that don't pair well with red wine. There are some foods that just don't work with red wines and can end up making both taste bad. This is usually because the flavors are either too similar or to contrasting. Usually, the foods that don't work well with red wine have a white wine that compliments them well.[21]
- Unless you are drinking a dessert red wine like a port, chocolate doesn't usually pair well with red wine. This is because the tannins in the wine and the tannins in the chocolate combine for an overwhelmingly bitter taste.
- Brussel sprouts and asparagus both contain sulfur compounds that make red wine taste like it has gone bad. Even though these vegetables have earthy flavors you might think go well with a red wine, they can ruin your meal if you combine them.
- Red wines aren't generally paired with seafood. The iron in red wine attaches with fish oil to create a fishy, metallic aftertaste. Sushi, in particular, can be ruined by pairing it with a red wine.
- Keep an open mind and experiment. Ultimately, pairing red wines with food is a matter of personal taste. Trying out new combinations can be fun and exciting, and you shouldn't let conventions dictate what you are willing to explore.
EditVisiting a Winery - Visit a winery that features or specializes in red wines. Many wineries focus on particular types of wines. Do some research on the internet or call the winery to find out what kind of wines they offer and if they have a specialization.
- Almost every winery will have at least some varietals of red wine, but there will be a lot of variation depending on the regional tastes and the winemaker's preferences.
- Nearly all wineries offer wine tastings, but it doesn't hurt to ask when you are doing your research. You should also ask if the wine tasting is complimentary, or if there will be a charge.
- Try several varieties at a wine tasting. The advantage of going to a winery to take part in a tasting is that you will have the chance to try several different wines. Try to sample several wines to help you develop a sense of what you like. A wine list will usually have the wines in the order you should sample them, but a general rule is that begin with dry wines and move to sweet.[22]
- If you do not want to drink all of the wine at a tasting, you can spit it out into the designated receptacles after tasting it.
- Ask the staff for recommendations. Wineries employ knowledgeable people who tend to really enjoy wine. They can help guide you to certain flavors you might like and make suggestions about what food would go well with your wine. They might also be able to recommend wines that their winery does not have available that you could seek out and try on your own.
- Cleanse your palate between wines. To really enjoy the differences in the taste, texture, and aroma of red wines, you should use a palate cleanser between each wine that you taste. Often, a winery will often saltine crackers or bread. Eat the palate cleanser and rinse your mouth with a drink of water before moving on to the next red wine.[23]
- You can also cleanse your palate with some fresh, lightly salted mozzarella cheese.
- Take notes on your experience to remember your favorite wines. Bring along a small notepad or record your thoughts on your phone. Jot down if you like or dislike a particular varietal and why you felt this way about it. Also, if there are particular flavors, aromas, or textures that you enjoy, you should put them down so that you remember them in the future.[24]
- Your notes can be as basic or elaborate as you want. You could simply write which varietals you like, or you could make a detailed record of each wine's flavor profile and make a ranking system.
- If you're opening a nice bottle of red wine, consider purchasing and using a decanter, which will help the wine "breathe." Let the wine sit in the decanter for about an hour before serving.[25]
- Do not drink and operate a car or other heavy machinery. If you plan on traveling to a wine tasting, make sure you have a designated driver or spit out the wine after you have tasted it.
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