| How to Grow Pandorea Posted: 27 Mar 2019 01:00 AM PDT Pandorea, also known as the bower vine or Pandorea jasminoides, is a native Australian climber with pretty trumpet-shaped flowers. It has tropical foliage that is beautiful even when it's not in bloom. You can grow pandorea in containers or directly in your garden. EditSelecting a Planting Site - Choose a site with well-draining soil. Observe the area where you intend to plant pandorea after a rainstorm or watering heavily. If there are pools of water after an hour or so, the soil isn't well-draining. To amend your soil, dig up the top of soil and mix in a light layer of sand, compost, or dead leaves.[1]
- If you're planting pandorea in a container, choose a loamy soil so it has good drainage.
- Pandorea does well in acidic, neutral, and alkaline soil.
- Select a spot with full sun. Choose a spot in your lawn or garden that gets sunlight for the majority of the day. A spot that is shaded for less than 3 hours a day will also work, but more shade than that can stunt the plant's growth and prevent it from blooming.[2]
- If you're growing pandorea indoors, place the container near a south- or west-facing window.[3]
- Plant pandorea in the springtime. If you're planting pandorea outdoors, wait until the danger of frost has passed. To find the average frost dates for your area, do an online search or check your local weather app.[4]
- If you're growing pandorea indoors, you can plant it at any time of year.
EditPlanting Pandorea - Obtain pandorea seeds. If you have a friend or neighbor that grows pandorea, you could ask them for seeds from their plant. Alternatively, you can purchase pandorea seeds from a nursery or online.
- Seeds can be collected from the pods of an existing plant after the flowers die at the end of the fall season.
- Sow the seeds apart. When you're ready to plant the pandorea, keep in mind that this is a fast-growing vine. It spreads quite a bit, so you should space the seeds about apart.[5]
- Alternatively, you can plant 2-3 seeds in a large pot.
- Cover the seeds with of soil. The seeds need light to germinate, so don't cover them with too much soil. Press the seeds lightly into the soil with your finger, then cover them with about of soil.[6]
- Soak the seeds after planting them. To ensure the seeds germinate and take root, you need to water them immediately after planting. Thoroughly soak the seeds and surrounding soil with water. Pandorea seeds will germinate within 6-21 days.[7]
- Pull the weaker plants after the seedlings emerge. Once the pandorea begins to grow, inspect the plants. Those that are smaller, thinner, and weaker can be removed. Leave only the healthiest vines.[8]
EditCaring for Pandorea - Provide a climbing support for the plant. Because pandorea is a vine, it needs something to attach to so it can grow vertically. Unless you want it to spread across your garden and take over, you should provide a trellis or climbing posts for the pandorea.[9]
- Once the vines begin to grow, wrap them around the trellis or climbing pole. They will then begin to grow and climb upward, rather than outward.[10]
- Keep the soil moist. It's important to check the soil around the Pandorea several times a week. If it looks or feels dry, water the soil until it is moist but not soggy. Depending on your location and soil composition, you may need to water the pandorea every day or once a week.[11]
- In the winter, you can water less frequently. Check the pandorea once per week and water it if the soil is dry.
- Expect the plant to bloom from late spring to early fall. Pandorea plants develop beautiful trumpet-shaped flowers. Usually, they have white petals and pink throats. Though these flowers are unscented, they are a beautiful addition to your home or garden.[12]
- Prune pandorea after it flowers. If you want to shape or trim the pandorea, wait until late fall when it is done blooming. Use sterilized pruning shears to snip off dead or diseased vines. You can also shape the pandorea as you like or cut it back to reduce its size.[13]
- When pruning, cut the vines back to a shoot or bud. If you're removing damaged or diseased parts of the vine, cut it back far enough that only healthy tissue remains.
EditTroubleshooting Problems - Introduce ladybugs if you have an aphid infestation. If you notice aphids, which are small, pear-shaped bugs, on the plant, you can get rid of them without using harsh chemicals. Purchase ladybugs from your local gardening center and gently shake them from the bag onto the vines. They will stay with the plant until all the aphids have been eaten.[14]
- Usually, ladybugs come in packages of around 1,000, which should be more than enough to handle your aphid problem.
- If you're growing pandorea indoors, use an insecticidal soap as per the package directions to get rid of aphids.
- Another way to reduce aphids is to spray down the plants with a strong stream of water. Do this once every 2-3 days.
- Get rid of red spider mites with an insecticidal soap. Your pandorea may attract red spider mites, which are small, yellow-green bugs, contrary to their name.[15] If you have spider mites, you can eradicate them with an insecticidal soap, available from your local gardening center. Spray the vines with the insecticidal soap as per the directions on the package.[16]
- Be sure to select an insecticidal soap formulated for use on pandorea. Ask a sales associate for help if you have any questions.
- You may need to spray the plants every 2-3 days until the infestation is gone.
- Control nematodes with a multifaceted approach. Nematodes are small worms that eat the roots of plants. If you have sandy soil, you're more like to have nematodes.[17] Nematodes are notoriously difficult to eradicate, but you may be able to control the problem with a variety of techniques.[18]
- Amend the soil by adding organic material like manure and compost to limit the damage done by the nematodes.
- You can also apply bionematicide on a regular basis to paralyze the nematode eggs so they don't hatch.
- Use solarization to treat the soil after relocating the plant. Work the area with a hoe or tiller, then water the soil until it is moist. Cover the area with clear plastic, and let the heat destroy the nematodes by leaving the area covered for up to 6 weeks.
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| How to Become a Criminal Psychologist Posted: 26 Mar 2019 05:00 PM PDT Criminal psychologists study the behaviors, motives, and intentions of criminals from the point of view of mental health. Criminal psychologists often work alongside the police to help them understand why an individual may have committed a certain crime.[1] If you'd like to become a criminal psychologist, you need to earn a doctoral degree in psychology, and then earn a criminal psychology license. EditMeeting Educational Requirements - Finish your bachelor's degree. A BA or BS is required for admission to any doctoral program. If you're already studying Psychology as an undergraduate, you may have a leg up on the competition. While not all doctoral programs in Psychology strictly require a BA in Psychology for admission, it may help your chances.[2]
- If you are not majoring in Psychology, consider earning a minor in Psychology or Criminal Justice.
- Take the General and Psychology GRE exams. Nearly all Criminal Psychology doctoral programs require applicants to take these two GRE exams, which will be offered at different testing centers on different days. The GRE exams will test your critical thinking and writing skills, and your general proficiency in undergrad-level psychology.[3]
- In order to sign up for the General and Psychology GRE tests, you'll need to set up an account with ETS (the company that provides the tests). You can make an account and register for the exams here: https://www.ets.org/gre/subject/register/.
- Send your GRE scores to the universities you're applying to. The university admissions departments will expect to receive these scores electronically, and may not consider your application until the scores are in-hand. Through the ETS website, you can select specific schools to send the scores to.
- If you know which schools you'll apply to before you take the GRE(s), you can have your scores sent to Ph.D. program admissions departments immediately after you finish the tests.
- Apply to doctoral programs in Criminal Psychology. Look for Ph.D. or Psy.D. programs that offer a degree in Clinical Psychology and allow a specialization in Forensic or Criminal Psychology. Alternately, Ph.D. or Psy. D. programs may offer a specialization in Clinical Forensic Psychology.[4]
- U.S. universities that offer a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in Criminal or Forensic Psychology include Harvard, Stanford, Notre Dame, and the University of Pennsylvania.
- The Ph.D. (doctor of philosophy) focuses on theory and research. The Psy.D. (doctor of psychology) focuses on practice and experience.[5]
- Find a criminal psychology internship opportunity. An internship is an integral part of most Ph.D. or Psy.D. programs in criminal psychology. Finding a good internship program can take time, but your Department and faculty advisor will help you. Finding an internship is competitive, but it will provide important knowledge and experience for your eventual certification as a criminal psychologist.[6]
- Your internship may be with a practicing clinical psychologist, with a police department, or in a prison or juvenile detention facility.[7]
- Pursue a post-doctorate fellowship in criminal psychology. While a post-doc is not required for most criminal psychology jobs, it will increase your chances of being hired. Criminal psychology is a competitive field, and a post-doc will give you a leg up over other candidates with a Ph.D.[8]
- You may also be able to find a post-doc in forensic psychology. While the fields are not the same, they substantially overlap.
EditBecoming Licensed as a Criminal Psychologist - Complete the required licensure hours. Before you can become a fully licensed psychologist, you will need to complete a predetermined number of supervised practice hours. In these supervised hours, you'll see clients and do other work in the criminal psychology field, while overseen by a professional.[9]
- If your internship supervisor appreciated your work as an intern, they may hire you back for your licensing hours. Otherwise, speak with your academic advisors and professors, and ask for their help finding a position in which to complete your licensure hours.
- The number of hours required for licensure vary from state to state in the U.S. It's not uncommon for a state to require 3,000 supervised hours for licensure.[10]
- Pass the exam offered by your state's Board of Psychology. Once you've completed your doctoral degree, you need to pass a written examination, provided by the state. This will begin your criminal psychology certification process. Contact the Board of Psychology to enquire about and register for the exam.[11]
- Certification requirements can vary by state. To determine the requirements for the state in which you plan to practice criminal psychology, consult the state's Board of Psychology.
- For example, if you're trying to contact the Minnesota Board of Psychology, visit: https://mn.gov/boards/psychology/.
- Earn a certification in criminal psychology. The American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) awards certification to psychology professionals who have specialized in one area of psychological practice.[12]
- To learn more about the certification process, and to apply for the certification, visit: https://www.abpp.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3349.
- While not every state requires the ABPP certification prior to practicing criminal psychology, it will make you a more competitive job applicant in the field.
- Apply for jobs in the criminal psychology field. Criminal psychology jobs are competitive, and often tough to get. Recent doctoral graduates—even with postdoc experience and certification—often start out in positions with hospitals, police departments, and government agencies.[13] Your academic and professional contacts can help you locate suitable jobs to apply for.
- If you'd like to work as a criminal psychologist in law enforcement—e.g. with the FBI—you'll need to join a law enforcement organization, such as the local police department. As you gain ranks, you can transition into a criminal psychology role.
- Some Psychology Ph.D. programs will require an MA in Psychology, while others admit applicants with only a BA. Refer to specific program requirements to determine which do, or do not, require the MA.
- Although the fields of criminal psychology and forensic psychology overlap, they are not the same. Criminal psychologists exclusively study criminal behavior, with the goal of understanding mindsets that many criminals share. Forensic psychologists, on the other hand, commonly assess the mental health of individuals in the justice system, and testify in court cases concerning criminals with mental-health concerns.[14]
- This article describes how to become a criminal psychologist in the U.S. The process to become a criminal psychologist will be similar in most other countries. You'll still need to earn a doctoral degree in Psychology and complete various internships and supervised hours before applying to work in the field.
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| How to Build a Spaghetti Tower Posted: 26 Mar 2019 09:00 AM PDT Making a spaghetti tower is a great team-building exercise that is popular among schoolchildren, coworkers, friends, and family. You can also build a spaghetti tower alone for an extra challenge! Spaghetti towers are made using dry spaghetti strands and marshmallows. Make squares with the spaghetti and marshmallows first, before forming these into pyramids. Use these existing pyramids to form new ones, and watch as your tower grows higher! To make building spaghetti towers into a fun, competitive game, try setting a time limit, seeing who can build the tallest tower, or limiting the supplies. EditCrafting the Squares - Push 2 strands of dry spaghetti into 1 marshmallow. Line up the 2 spaghetti strands. Push them evenly into the round side of the marshmallow.[1]
- Use full-size marshmallows rather than the miniature kind.
- Using 2 strands of spaghetti instead of just 1 will strengthen your tower and help it to eventually stand upright.
- Push the spaghetti far enough into the marshmallows so that it feels stable, but not far enough to come through the opposite side. Around halfway will do.[2]
- Make a right angle with 2 more strands of spaghetti. Line up 2 more spaghetti strands. Push them into another side of the same marshmallow to form a corner.[3]
- It might be tricky to push these next spaghetti strands into the same marshmallow. Do it carefully, and try to add the strands just next to where the first strands were pushed in.
- Add a marshmallow to each end of the spaghetti strands. Push a marshmallow firmly onto each end. Be careful when adding marshmallows to spaghetti that has already been connected, as it can easily break with too much pressure.[4]
- Replace any broken strands of spaghetti with new strands.
- Push 2 strands of spaghetti into each new marshmallow. Create 2 more right angles. Make sure that the strands are lined up well, and are as close to 90° as possible. This will ensure that your tower is sturdy.[5]
- Your square so far will look like a rigid "U" shape.
- Use 1 more marshmallow to connect the final ends of the spaghetti strands. Push the remaining strands of spaghetti into 1 last marshmallow. Do this as carefully as possible to avoid breaking the rest of the square.[6]
- You should now have a completed square shape made out of 4 marshmallows and 8 strands of spaghetti.
- Build as many more squares as you like. The greater the number of squares that you build, the higher that your tower will be. Your initial squares will become the base for your tower.[7]
- Start with 9 squares if you are not sure how many to begin with. This will give you good practice in creating a smaller tower.
EditMaking the Pyramids - Place 2 strands of spaghetti into the top of each marshmallow. Each of the 4 marshmallows in each square needs 2 strands of spaghetti inserted into the top. Align these so that they point straight.[8]
- Each square will end up with 8 more spaghetti strands pointing upwards.
- Gather the strands of spaghetti and connect these with a marshmallow. Grasp the 8 strands of spaghetti that are pointing upwards. Hold them together tightly as you firmly push a marshmallow onto the end.[9]
- The marshmallow will connect the strands and hold them together in a point type shape.
- Make more pyramids using the rest of the squares that you made. Add the spaghetti strands to the tops of the marshmallows. Join these together into a point using a final marshmallow.[10]
- If you began with 9 squares, you will end up with 9 pyramids in total.
- Arrange the completed pyramids to create a base for your tower. Align the pyramids that you just made so that they look like a square or rectangle from above. If you have 9 pyramids, align these to be 3 pyramids across by 3 wide.[11]
- Make sure that the base pyramids are close together to ensure that your tower is stable.
- Connect the central marshmallows at the top of the base with spaghetti. Push spaghetti strands horizontally to make more square shapes on the top of the base. Make sure that these are connected firmly, as they will become the base for the next layer.[12]
- Be very careful to avoid leaning or placing pressure on the base pyramids.
- Repeat the process of making pyramids. Insert spaghetti strands coming from the top of each of the marshmallows. Connect the strands from each square using a central marshmallow.[13]
- You will notice your tower beginning to narrow in as it gets taller.
- Continue building the tower until you reach 1 marshmallow point. Keep adding spaghetti strands horizontally and vertically to make square bases and points. Work as carefully as possible as you make your way up the tower to avoid breaking any pieces.[14]
- The bigger your tower, the longer it will take to reach the top.
EditDesigning a Competition - See who can build the best tower in a limited amount of time. Have all of the supplies ready before you begin. Set the timer, and compare towers at the end![15]
- Around 20 minutes is a good place to start for a competitive spaghetti tower match.
- You don't have to compete with others. Try timing yourself, and see if you can build a better tower each time.
- You can judge the towers based on height or stability.
- Compete to see who builds the tallest tower. Get all of the supplies, and see which group can build the tallest tower before it collapses. You may need to start building the tower on the ground, and stand on a secure chair as it grows![16]
- Have a measuring tape ready so that you can measure the end results.
- Limit the supplies that are available. Try using just 20 strands of spaghetti and 1 marshmallow for each tower. You will need to break the marshmallow into smaller pieces for this type of competition.[17]
- With limited supplies, the design of the towers will need to vary. Get creative, and see how tall and stable you can make a tower with only 1 marshmallow.
- Don't attempt to cook or burn the marshmallows to the spaghetti to try to strengthen your tower. It won't work, and your tower will just end up burnt.[18]
EditThings You'll Need - Packets of dry spaghetti
- Packets of full-size marshmallows
- Timer
- Chairs
- Measuring tape
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