| How to Use Ghee Posted: 16 Apr 2019 01:00 AM PDT Ghee, made from butter with the water and milk solids removed, is an ingredient from Indian culture that dates back thousands of years. By removing everything but the fat from the butter and clarifying it, ghee can be stored safely for months, add some delicious buttery flavor to almost any dish, and may even have some health benefits. Whether you want to know how to use ghee in cooking or as a health product, or even want to know how to make it yourself, there are plenty of ways to make use of ghee. EditIngredients EditMaking Ghee Makes 1 1/2 cups (12 oz) of ghee EditCooking with Ghee - Use ghee in place of cooking oils. As it doesn't contain any of the milk solids or water found in butter, ghee has a much higher smoke point. Use ghee instead of cooking oils or butter in almost any recipe to add a slight buttery and nutty flavor.[1]
- The smoke point is the temperature at which something will begin to burn and smoke. Butter has a smoke point around , whereas the smoke point of ghee is around . For comparison, the smoke point of olive oil is around , and the smoke point for sunflower oil is .
- Use ghee only as a replacement for butter in cooking, and not in baking. Ghee is oil more than it is butter, so your baked goods might not work quite as well if you use ghee instead. Ghee can be used as a replacement for oils in baking, however.
- Toast spices in ghee to make a tadka. Tadka is a widely utilized concept in Indian cuisine, where whole herbs and spices are toasted in ghee to infuse the ghee with flavor. Try heating of ghee in a saucepan on high, before adding roughly 1 teaspoon (2 g) of cumin seeds and toasting for around 5 minutes. Add it to the water used when cooking rice for an extra burst of flavor.[2]
- Tadka can be made with almost any whole herb or spice and added at the beginning or end of cooking for extra flavor.
- For the best results, make the tadka just before you have to use it. If made in advance and kept in the fridge, it will lose a lot of the aroma that makes it so flavorful.
- Spread ghee on toast instead of butter. Ghee keeps a lot of the same buttery flavor, but without all of the milk solids and water found in butter. Use ghee in place of butter when spreading over baked goods for the same flavor but without a lot of other things you don't need.
- Ghee should be safe for people who are lactose intolerant but shouldn't be considered safe if you are allergic to milk or dairy.
- Saute vegetables in ghee. Due to its high smoke point, ghee makes for the perfect ingredient when sauteing fresh vegetables. Melt 1 tablespoon (15g) of ghee in a frying pan over a high heat and add around of your chosen vegetables. Cook them for around 5 minutes, or until they begin browning lightly and caramelizing around the edges.[3]
- Vegetables sauteed in ghee are great on their own with a sprinkle of sea salt or added to another dish.
- Onions, peppers, broccoli, carrots, mushrooms, and brussels sprouts are all delicious vegetables that you can saute in ghee.
- For extra flavor, make a tadka with the ghee first before you add your vegetables.
- Add a spoonful of ghee to your morning coffee. Adding butter to coffee for extra flavor and some potential health benefits is a growing trend. As it is clarified butter, ghee will work even better as an addition to coffee. Blend your coffee with 1 teaspoon (5g) of ghee for some extra sweetness, nuttiness, and creaminess.[4]
- Ghee can be a source of a lot of important fatty acids and vitamins, so it may have some additional health benefits. However, this has not been confirmed, so it should not replace any other regular sources of vitamins in your diet.
EditFinding Other Uses for Ghee - Use ghee as a balm for chapped lips. Some have found that the oil and vitamins in ghee will help revitalize and heal chapped lips. Try rubbing a few drops of ghee over your lips just before you go to sleep to try and repair damaged or dry lips.[5]
- In some cases, ghee could also be used to heal other scarring, burns, and scrapes. However, as a home remedy, the results of this may differ. Always follow your doctor's advice first and foremost.
- You shouldn't apply ghee to open wounds, as it will not be properly sterilized.
- Soften your cuticles with a little ghee. As an oil, ghee may be used to soften the cuticles around your fingers and toenails. Apply a few small dabs of ghee to your cuticles and let it sit for 20 minutes. Soak your hands or feet in warm water, wash away the ghee and pat dry with a clean towel.[6]
- Try oil pulling to make your teeth whiter. Oil pulling is an alternative medicine process of swishing a natural oil around in your mouth to improve the health of your teeth and gums. Melt 1 tablespoon (15ml) of ghee, let it cool slightly, and swish it around your mouth for 15 to 20 minutes before spitting it out into a trash can. Rinse your mouth out with water and repeat daily.[7]
- While there is little research that has been conducted to support some of the claims made about oil pulling, oils such as ghee and coconut oil can be used as a natural mouthwash.
- Oil pulling shouldn't be used as a replacement for brushing your teeth twice a day.
- Do not spit the ghee down the sink, as it may solidify and block your drain.
- Make a natural perfume with ghee and essential oils. Add a single drop of any essential oil, such as lavender oil or orange oil, to 1 teaspoon (5g) of ghee. Rub it together in your palms before dabbing it behind your ears and knees for a subtle scent that will last all day.[8]
EditMaking Ghee - Melt of butter over a medium heat. Place a large, high-walled saucepan or pot over a medium heat. Cut of butter into small cubes and place it into the pan to begin melting.[9]
- You can speed up the rate at which the butter melts by stirring it occasionally with a wooden spoon.
- Use a high-quality, pasteurized, unsalted butter for the best ghee.
- of butter will produce roughly of ghee.
- Simmer the butter for 10 minutes to evaporate the water. Once the butter has melted and begins to bubble, decrease the heat to medium-low and let the butter simmer. The butter will begin foaming up and then bubbling over around 10 minutes as the water evaporates. Watch for the butter to stop bubbling and begin foaming again.[10]
- Keep a close eye on your butter as it simmers to make sure it doesn't burn. Make sure the temperature is kept low so that the butter can simmer without having to be stirred.
- Cook for a further 5 minutes until the milk solids form on top. The butter will stop bubbling and begin foaming again after around 5 minutes, bringing the milk solids to the top of the liquid. Keep cooking the butter, without stirring it at all, until the milk solids form a thin, foamy layer over the top.[11]
- If the bottom of the pot gets too hot and you're worried about the butter burning, you can swirl the melted butter slightly. This will move it around without letting the butterfat and milk solids mix together too much.
- Skim the milk solids from the top of the butterfat. As the milk solids cook and rise to the top of the butter, use a mesh skimmer or spoon to skim them away. Continue skimming the white milk solids until they begin to turn brown, and the butterfat itself becomes a golden color.[12]
- You can also leave the milk solids to cook and brown by themselves and without skimming them. This will just mean you have more cooked solids to strain away.
- Strain the melted ghee through a cheesecloth. Place a mesh sieve over a bowl or jug with a spout, and cover it with two layers of a fine cheesecloth. Take the melted butter off of the heat and leave it to cool for 2 to 3 minutes before straining through the cloth. Discard of any remaining milk solids caught in the cheesecloth and keep the pure, melted ghee.[13]
- If you have a jar funnel, you can strain the melted ghee directly into the jar in which you want to store it. Make sure to place a sieve and cheesecloth over the top of the funnel to strain the ghee properly.
- Store the ghee in an air-tight container for up to 2 months. While the ghee is still hot, pour it into a glass jar or other airtight container. Cover the ghee and store it in your pantry for up to 2 months, making sure to keep the container air-tight and free from any moisture or steam.[14]
- You can also store the ghee in your refrigerator for up to 6 months. This will make the ghee more solid and harder to scoop out, but it will also last for much longer.
- If you let any water, steam, or moisture into your ghee container, you should store the ghee in the fridge to stop it from going bad. Use it within 1 month.
- Ghee kept at room temperature will be soft, but not liquid.
- The most important factor in making great ghee is using a high-quality butter. It's better to choose a high-quality salted butter than a low-quality unsalted one when making ghee. However, high-quality, unsalted butter will yield the best results. High-quality butter will have a higher percentage of butterfat and be made from a better quality milk.
- Ghee will work in place of almost any oil you may use when cooking.
- If you don't want to make ghee, it should be available from your local grocery store, specialty or health food store, or online.
- Rather than disposing of the cooked milk solids produced when making ghee, keep them to smear on toast for a creamy, nutty, salty spread. They will keep for around 1 week in the refrigerator.
- While ghee has many potential health and beauty uses, it should never be used as a replacement for prescribed medicines and medical advice from a qualified physician. Only ever use ghee as a supplement, rather than as a replacement.
EditThings You'll Need EditMaking Ghee - Large saucepan or pot
- Mesh skimmer or spoon
- Sieve
- Cheesecloth
- Airtight jar or container
EditReferences
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| How to Become Invisible on the Waze Map Posted: 15 Apr 2019 05:00 PM PDT By default, Waze shows your profile on the public map, including to your friends. If you want to travel in secret or surprise someone, you may want to turn this feature off. This wikiHow will teach you how to go invisible on the Waze map. - Open up Waze. The icon generally looks like a text-message smiley face icon in the center of a blue-filled box.
- Open up the Waze Quick Links Bar. Swipe in from the left the hidden dialog box on the map view, or tap the magnifying glass icon from the bottom right corner.
- Tap your name below your account picture near the top of the screen.
- Tap the switch next to "Go invisible".
- Tap the < button in the top left corner to back out of the screen and begin routing to your next destination invisibly.
- Recognize what will happen once you become invisible. Your screen will appear to work correctly, but your Waze friends won't see you and your reporting feature will become disabled. People who haven't friended you yet will see you as you pass them by on the highway.
- When on a route, you can still send your ETA to whomever you want, even if they can't see your route.
- Tap the green switch when you want to be seen on the Waze map again.
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| How to Gather Audit Evidence Posted: 15 Apr 2019 09:00 AM PDT An auditor investigates a company's finances and operations to determine whether the company's records are accurate. In most cases, a CPA or certified auditor conducts an audit. If you are a business owner facing an audit, understanding how audit evidence is gathered can help you prepare for your upcoming audit. If you go through your records and company operations before the auditor arrives, the audit process may run more smoothly.[1] EditExamining the Records - Review records for completeness. All spaces of a financial ledger or form should be filled in, and each entry should have a verifiable date. If any spaces are blank, there should be some notation or explanation as to why the information wasn't filled in.[2]
- For records of meetings or interviews, the entry should include the action that was taken as a result and any other follow-up actions that were taken later.
- Include the names of anyone involved in an entry, and their role in the company, if applicable. For example, if you have a list of deposits made into an account, each entry should include the names of the managers or employees who made the deposit.
- Compare account balances and transactions to banking records. Financial ledgers are attached to a business banking or investment account. The company's ledgers should reconcile against the bank's records.[3]
- In some cases, further investigation may be required. For example, if the company's records note a $1,000 sale to a client, but only $500 was deposited into the company's account, the auditor might contact the client to find out how much money the client paid and when.
- Get recent bank statements and compare the company's records to the bank's records. If there is a discrepancy, mark the transaction and determine why the records are different. If you can identify the reason for the discrepancy in advance and correct your records if necessary, it will save the auditor some time and effort.
- Test the effectiveness of internal financial controls. Inadequate controls leave room for error as well as an increased risk for theft or fraud. Make sure all financial software is up-to-date, and use complex passwords that are unique to each user. Make sure passwords aren't left lying around for anyone to use.[4]
- The auditor will keep an eye out for any holes in the company's financial security that could be exploited. When information about these type of security risks show up in an auditor's report, it is an opportunity for the company to take steps to close those gaps to protect the company as well as its customers.
- Reconcile debt computations with lenders. If your company is carrying debt, pull statements from the lenders and make sure the interest rates and principal owed match your company's books.[5]
- The auditor will also evaluate who approved the debt, any mention of the debt in company meetings, and whether all debt payments are made in full and on time. Make sure these records are clear and available to the auditor.
- If the company leases work or office space, the auditor will also evaluate the lease agreements and make sure those obligations are being fulfilled according to the terms of the contract.
- Recompute and evaluate expenses. Pull receipts, expense reports, and other expense records and determine their accuracy and legitimacy as business expenses. Unusual items or overly large transactions may be subject to additional scrutiny.[6]
- For example, if a company usually has $800 in utility expenses each month, and one month the expense report notes $8,000 for utility expenses, the auditor would reach out to the utility companies for confirmation of the amount and determine why that month was excessive or if the amount was listed in error.
EditSeeking Confirmations of Transactions - Send letters to customers and vendors for repeat transactions. For particularly large or out-of-the-ordinary transactions, write or call and confirm the amount and details of the transaction. Ask the customer or vendor what their records say rather than simply reading your record and asking for confirmation.[7]
- For example, if the company pays $2,500 to a particular vendor every month, and then in February the company's records show it paid that vendor $7,500, you could contact the vendor and ask what their records showed your company paid in February. If the amount is correct, ask for a detailed statement that could help you figure out why the bill was so high. If the amount is incorrect, adjust your books.
- Verify supporting information for complex account balances. For some transactions, it makes more sense for the auditor to verify supporting information, such as rates, and then recalculate the total that should be there.[8]
- For example, suppose there's a question about 401(k) withdrawals from employee paychecks. You can verify the rate of those withdrawals from employees, then recalculate the amounts that should have been withdrawn. Compare those calculations to the balances in the employees' 401(k) accounts.
- Analyze market data to confirm financial statements. Particularly if the company trades securities on the open market, look at market data to determine whether your valuation in company financial statements is accurate.[9]
- For example, if the company has invested in securities and plans to sell them in 2 years, you could analyze the prevailing market price and performance of those securities to determine their book value.
- Check the terms of unusual transactions. Confusing or unusual transactions may raise flags for auditors, since they indicate a higher risk of fraudulent activity taking place at the company. Identify these transactions in your books and talk to customers or vendors to figure out what was going on.[10]
- For example, a transaction for the purchase of a large amount of products, followed nearly immediately by a return of the proceeds of that sale to the customer without a return of product, might raise audit flags.
- Use intermediaries for related-party transactions. If two managers, company officers, or employees are involved in a transaction, the auditor typically uses third-party records, if available, to confirm the transaction was above board. If you know those records exist, you can go ahead and request them to justify the transaction.[11]
- The auditor will seek out audit evidence from any intermediaries, such as banks, agents, or attorneys, to confirm the business rationale and terms of the transaction.
EditInspecting the Premises - Verify the existence of assets through physical inventory. Something may be listed in the books, but that doesn't mean it's actually present. Particularly in a retail sales environment, regular inventory enables you to correct the books through the auditing process.[12]
- Notes and photos, as well as inventory records, help document this evidence.
- Observe how broken or expired product is disposed of, and which employees have responsibility for marking down that product for the records.
- Interview employees about policies and procedures. Employees may be questioned generally about policies and procedures, or asked specific questions about particular transactions that have raised red flags. While an employee interview on its own may not constitute objective, reliable audit evidence, it may point to other evidence or information.[13]
- Employees in financial and managerial roles in particular should expect to have conversations with the auditor throughout the auditing process.
- In more serious situations, the auditor may submit written questions to employees so that their responses are preserved in writing.
- Look for uncontrolled documents or nonconforming products. Random documents or notes posted on walls or machines may indicate an alternate procedure that doesn't exactly follow policy or that presents security concerns. The same is true for products that aren't kept or stored where they're supposed to be.[14]
- For example, if an auditor of a retail store found piles of product hidden behind a desk in the office rather than out on the sales floor, they would want to determine the status of those products and why they were being segregated from the rest of the inventory.
- Notes taped to machines may indicate that something isn't working properly and needs to be repaired, or that staff members have not been properly trained on how to operate the machine. These random notes become a part of basic policy and procedure, even if their message isn't communicated through standard channels.
- Note poor cleaning or improvised repairs. Walk through the workplace and look for machines or fixtures that have been temporarily "repaired" by employees using duct tape or shims. Implement proper maintenance procedures before the audit to make sure everything is clean and in working order.[15]
- If a workplace is messy, it may indicate that there's a larger issue, or that a problem isn't being adequately addressed. This can raise red flags for auditors.
- Machines and fixtures are business assets that require regular maintenance to live out their service life. If these assets aren't being cleaned, repaired, and maintained properly, the company could lose money.
- It's a good idea to stay on top of these processes even when you're not facing an audit. This will help you maintain good operational safeguards that will protect you in the event of an audit and make the process go smoothly.
- Actively look for positive evidence of things the company is doing right. The audit report will be better received if the auditor can point to practices or policies that are working.[16]
- Make notes in audit reports as specific as possible, so the company can implement new policies and procedures to address the problem.[17]
EditReferences
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