| How to Design a Car Posted: 24 Sep 2020 01:00 AM PDT Cars are not only important transportation technology, but they're also reflections of beautiful design work. If you love the way cars look and operate, automotive design may be something you'd be interested in! However, it may seem impossible if you don't know the first thing about design or cars. Fortunately, whether you're making drawings by hand or on a computer, almost anyone can easily learn how to design a car. [Edit]Following Basic Design Principles - Select the proportions of the car based on car's main purpose. Draw the rough shape of the car using straight lines and right angles instead of curves. Then, divide this block-shaped car into 3 or 4 squares, with 1 on top and 2-3 on the bottom. Finally, change the size and location of the squares to reflect how the car is intended to be used.[1]
- For example, if the car is meant to be a sports car, the top square should be short and placed closer to the rear axle.
- If the car is meant to have lots of storage space, stretch the top square to cover most of the bottom squares, starting from the rear of the car and moving forwards.
- Make sure every surface of the car is curved. This is the first major principle of automotive design and is extremely important for making a car aerodynamic. Most cars are designed with all of the surfaces curved horizontally and with all of these curves running in the same direction.[2]
- Typically, all of the curves will run front to back, since this is the direction of airflow when a car is moving.
- Design the shoulder of the car to be as horizontal as possible. The shoulder of the car, also known as the "catwalk," is the surface directly below the side windows. Although the shoulder should wedge slightly upward near the rear of the car, it should generally be perfectly horizontal along the length of the car.[3]
- Combine practicality and comfort when designing the interior. Place all the components of the interior, such as the steering wheel, gear shift, and even the air conditioning buttons, within reach of the driver. At the same time, make sure these interior components look stylish and that there's symmetry to the interior as much as possible.[4]
- For example, don't put all of the radio and A/C buttons on 1 side of the center console. Instead, try to put an equal amount on both sides.
- To make these components stylish, give them a design that matches the overall aesthetic of the car. For instance, if it's a sleek sports car, make them relatively small and sleek as well.
- Make sure that the colors of all your interior components either match or directly complement the color of the car. For example, if the car is red, have these components either be red or a complementary color such as green.
- The interior needs to include the steering wheel, gear shift, center console, airbags, and seats. It should also include air conditioning vents, cup holders, and other items necessary to keep the interior comfortable.
- Keep the wheels the same size, unless you're designing a racecar. If you're designing a typical road car, have all 4 tire wheels be about wide. Make sure as well that the front 2 tires have enough empty space surrounding them to turn; the rear 2 tires do not have to turn with the steering wheel.[5]
- If you're making a racecar, make the rear tires a bit larger than the front tires.
- Be aware of packaging requirements for the car you design. "Packaging" refers to what needs to or is planned to be inside the car, such as the engine, passengers, and storage space. When you go to design your car, be sure to take these factors into consideration and leave enough space in your design to accommodate everything you plan to eventually put in the car.[6]
- Although you technically only need to accommodate 1 person (the driver) and the engine, most commercially designed cars are made to fit up to 4 or more people.
- Keep safety laws and regulations in mind when making your design. If you're planning to bring your car design to market, it will inevitably have to adhere to certain Type Approval regulations that govern product designs. Make sure you're aware of these regulations as they pertain to whatever market you're thinking of participating in.[7]
- These regulations govern aspects of the car such as its weight, its safety features, whether it includes certain pieces of equipment, and sometimes even specific aspects of its design.
[Edit]Making Physical Drawings - Do some basic planning of your concept on a whiteboard. Use the board to make tiny notes and very rough, imperfect drawings of the parts of the car you're most interested in. This is your opportunity to brainstorm and let your creative juices flow with the least amount of constraint.[8]
- For example, if you're most excited about a new way of designing a car's windshield, focus on that aspect of your car's design. You can worry about the other parts later.
- If possible, have other people join you during this brainstorming so you can talk out your ideas and get input from extra sets of eyes.
- Start by drawing a rough sketch of the car from 1 perspective. The easiest way to do this is usually by drawing the rough shape and outline of the car from its driver side. Don't worry about making the car perfect; just do your best to create a rough but complete drawing of the actual body of the car.[9]
- This is also the best opportunity for you to start figuring out how the different components of the car you're designing can realistically fit together. For instance, if you focused on the windshields earlier, now you can figure out how to actually fit the windshields onto the chassis.
- Fine-tune the smaller details of the car per your design ideas. Once the rough sketch of the body of the car is complete, now's the time to focus on the more minute aspects of your car's design. Draw things like the design of the side mirror, the curvature of the side of the car, or any other details you overlooked in your rough sketch.[10]
- You may find that some smaller details (e.g., the curvature of the car's side) don't fit with the rough sketch that you drew. That's ok! If this happens, go back and create a new rough sketch to work with. This process helps you to figure out what works and what doesn't with your design.
- Repeat this process for several different perspectives on the car. Draw rough sketches for the top view of the car, the front view, the rear view, and some diagonal views as well. Then, add the smaller details to these sketches just like you did with your original sketch.[11]
[Edit]Using Computer Software and Clay Modeling - Use a paint program to make a 2D drawing, if necessary. You should make a two-dimensional drawing of your car before you move on to making a three-dimensional rendering, just to get a rough sense of what you want your car to look like. If you've already made physical sketches of your car, you can skip this step.[12]
- A program like Windows Paint is perfectly adequate for making a 2D digital drawing of a car, so don't feel like you have to spend money on a fancier program at this stage.
- Create a 3D rendering of your car with a car design program. In a 3D modeling design program, plug in the different proposed measurements of your car's dimensions to create a visual model of your car. Then, use the program's more minute design features to shape the car's details to your design.[13]
- These measurements include dimensions like height, width, and proposed weight.
- Use the program's modeling tools, such as slide tools, insets, grids, meshes, and more, to make changes to the body of your 3D car in order to make it look like the 2D drawings that you've made.
- There are lots of different computer programs out there that designers frequently use to create 3D models of their car designs. Some of the most popular design programs used by automotive designers include Alias, 3Ds Max, and Blender.
- Print a model of your car if you have access to a 3D printer. This will give you a physical model of your design that you can use to examine your design "in person" or show it off to someone in the automotive design industry. If you don't own a 3D printer, you may be able to access one at your local library or university.[14]
- Craft a clay model of your car design if you don't have a 3D printer. Use a knife and a block of Styrofoam to create the general shape of your car on a small scale. Then, use your hands to apply plasticine clay to the Styrofoam block. Finally, smooth out the clay and draw the specific design features of your car using plaster carving tools.[15]
- Make sure you completely cover the styrofoam block with plasticine clay. The clay will be infinitely easier to manipulate than the Styrofoam.
- When carving the specific design of your car, remove small layers of clay in the appropriate places in order to create the curved surface of the car, its particular window, windshield, and tire frame designs, and any other design features you added to it.
- You can buy plasticine clay and plaster carving tools at most art supplies stores.
[Edit]Related wikiHows [Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
| How to Memorize Posted: 23 Sep 2020 05:00 PM PDT Whether you have to memorize a long list of vocabulary words for a test, several lines for a play, or anything else, there are several ways to make the process easier. Start by priming your brain with strategies that boost memorization. Then, use effective techniques to memorize the material. You can use additional strategies to help you master the information. [Edit]Using Effective Memorization Strategies - Write a summary for each paragraph to understand it better. As you read the material that you want to memorize, write a summary of each of the paragraphs you read. Write the summary in your own way of speaking to help you retain the information. This will help you to gain a basic understanding of the material and you may even memorize some key terms and concepts in the process.[1]
- For example, after reading a paragraph on how the heart pumps blood, explain it to yourself briefly in 1 to 2 sentences.
- Compartmentalize the information into smaller chunks. It is difficult to memorize long strings of numbers and words, such as identification numbers or lines in a play. If you need to memorize a large amount of material, break it down into more manageable chunks to make it easier on yourself. Some ways you can do this include:[2]
- Color-coding your notes by topic.
- Memorizing a 3 to 4-word phrase or 3 to 4 numbers at a time.
- Focusing on the key terms in 1 paragraph or page in a textbook.
- Assign an image to what you need to memorize. Associating an image with a word or concept is another powerful way to commit it to memory. Try taking an interesting image and look at it often as you read the material you want to memorize. This can also be very helpful for memorizing people's names.[3]
- If you need to memorize the names of 5 coworkers you have just met, think of an image that you can associate with each person's name.
- For example, you could associate Charlie with the image of the cartoon character Charlie Brown, Michael with an image of the archangel Michael, Cindy with iconic supermodel Cindy Crawford, Donna with a 50s doo-wop singer, and Herbert with a bowl of sherbet.
- Use an acronym to help you remember words in a specific order. An acronym is a type of mnemonic device in which the first letter of each word in a word, phrase, or sentence corresponds to something you want to memorize. You can create your own acronym to help you remember words in a specific sequence, or simply to remember a group of words.[4]
- For example, "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally." This mnemonic is often used to help people remember the order of operations for solving algebra problems. P stands for parentheses, E-exponents, M-multiply, D-divide, A-add, and S-subtract in the sentence.
- A popular mnemonic device in the musical world is Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge, which stands for the notes in the treble staff: EGBDF.[5]
- The fake name acronym ROY G BIV has long helped people remember the colours in the rainbow: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet.[6]
- Try rhyming mnemonic devices to remember dates and other facts. Your brain may find it easier to remember certain facts if you put them into the form of a rhyme. Choose a date, fact, or other important detail that you need to memorize. Then, choose a word that rhymes with it and create a short rhyming sentence. Some popular rhyming mnemonic devices include:[7]
- In fourteen hundred ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.
- Thirty days has September, April, June, and November.
- Write the information out over and over again. Hand-writing is a powerful tool for memorization, and it is even more effective if you do it repeatedly. Get out a pen and paper and start hand-writing what you need to memorize. You can write out your lines for a play, definitions for key terms, math equations, or whatever it is you need to commit to memory.[8]
- If you prefer, you can also record yourself reading the information and then listen to the recording repeatedly. This is a good option if you have a log commute or if you just learn better by hearing things.
- Talk out loud as you study. Reading information out loud, explaining concepts to yourself, or even just making the occasional comment to yourself as you work can help to solidify the information that you are studying. Try talking to yourself as you study the material that you need to memorize.[9]
- If you are studying in a library, then make sure that you are in a section where some noise is permitted.
- Make your own flashcards and study them daily. Flashcards are a classic memorization tool. Write the concept, cue, or subject on 1 side of the card, and then write the definition, line, or other details you need to memorize on the other side. Make sure all of the flashcards are facing in 1 direction in your stack and go through the pile. Look at the concept or cue side first and see if you can recall the definition or line on the other side. If not, read it a few times to commit it to memory. Then, move on to the next card.[10]
- Continue through the pile in this manner to memorize the information.
[Edit]Making the Information Stick - Relate the information to something you already understand. Choose a topic that interests you and that you understand very well. Then, find a way to relate the information you need to memorize to the subject you already understand.[11]
- For example, you could relate the material you need to memorize for a math test to the rules of baseball if you are a sports fan, or use a cooking analogy to help you remember a chemistry concept if you are a fan of cooking.
- Memorize the information over several days or weeks. The sooner you start memorizing, the better! It takes time and repetition to memorize something. Plan to begin memorizing the material at least 1 week in advance, and even sooner if possible. Work on memorizing the material for a set amount of time every day. The time you will need will vary depending on the amount of material you need to memorize.[12]
- For example, if you need to memorize 20 new vocabulary words for a test, then you might only need to study for 30 minutes per day over the course of a week.
- However, if you need to memorize lines for a leading role in a play, then you will need to start memorizing 3 to 4 weeks in advance and plan to study your lines for at least an hour daily.
- Quiz yourself on the material you have studied. You might find the material familiar when you re-read it and think that this means you have memorized it. However, this is not an accurate way to check for memorization. Self-testing is better for seeing how well you are retaining the material. Try to recall the information without looking at your notes. If you can recall the information accurately without help, then you have memorized it.[13]
- For example, if you need to be able to explain photosynthesis for a science test, then see if you can do this without checking your notes first.
- If you need to be able to recite a poem from memory, then try to recite it.
- Teach other people what you have learned. Teaching other people the material that you have studied is another potent way to commit it to memory. After you have studied the material and feel that you have a good understanding of it, try to explain it to a friend or family member. If you can do this without checking your notes, then you have memorized the information.[14]
[Edit]Priming Your Brain for Memorization - Exercise regularly to boost your memory and cognitive function. Try to exercise for 30 minutes on at least 5 days each week to keep your mind sharp. You can also try working out right before you start memorizing for extra brain-boosting benefits.[15]
- You don't have to get in a long workout to reap the benefits of exercise for better memorization. Even taking a 15-minute walk before you start studying can help.[16]
- Doing 20 minutes of yoga before working on memorizing something is another great way to boost your brain function.[17]
- Drink a cup of green tea before you start memorizing. Green tea has been show to boost cognitive function more than other types of beverages. Make yourself a cup of regular or decaf green tea and sip it before or during your study session. The extra boost of caffeine in regular green tea may also be helpful.[18]
- You can drink green tea hot or iced.
- Create an environment that is free from distractions. Avoid multitasking while you memorize, such as checking your social media accounts or texting friends. This will interfere with your ability to focus on the task at hand. Put away your phone, turn off the TV, and ask members of your household not to disturb you while you are studying.[19]
- If you have trouble staying focused, try setting small goals and rewarding yourself with a short break each time you meet one of them. For example, you could make it your goal to focus on studying for 25 minutes, and then reward yourself with a 5 minute break.
- Plan to memorize in the afternoon rather than in the morning or evening. Afternoon may be the time when you feel the least alert, but it has also been shown to be a potent time to work on memorizing new information. If you have been struggling to remember the material you are studying, try memorizing it in the afternoon instead of in the morning or at night.[20]
- For example, you could work on memorizing at around 2 or 3 pm.
- Get a good night of sleep before you start memorizing. Being well-rested has a far-reaching impact on your ability to memorize. To give yourself the best possible chance of retaining information, go to bed early enough to get a full 8 hours of sleep.[21]
- Try going to bed a little earlier than you normally do, such as 10:00 pm if you normally got to bed at 10:30 pm.
- Make your bedroom a relaxing space that you only use for sleep. Don't work, eat, or do other daytime activities in your bedroom.
[Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
| How to Clean a Very Messy Room Posted: 23 Sep 2020 09:00 AM PDT Tackling a very messy room can seem stressful and overwhelming at first. However, the sooner you get onto it, the better you will feel! Organize the clutter into separate piles and then work on neatly putting away each group of items. Thoroughly dust and vacuum the room once it's tidy to remove any dirt and to help it sparkle. To keep the room organized, try to clean up as you go about your day and spend a bit of time each night tidying before you go to sleep. [Edit]Sorting Clutter - Clean the room in small, manageable sections. It's easy to feel overwhelmed when you face cleaning a very messy room! Create sections or tasks that you feel you can complete reasonably within your timeframe, such as focusing on a particular shelf, table, or corner. Make sure that you take a break between every task or section to help you stay motivated.[1]
- If the room is very cluttered or if you don't have enough time, you can spread the tasks out over several days.
- For example, you could focus on clearing the floor first, then move onto the dresser, and then end with the bedside table.
- Put all of the dirty laundry into the laundry hamper. Look around the room and remove all of the dirty laundry. Perhaps there are dirty clothes on the floor or the bed sheets need washing. If the laundry overflows from the hamper, get another basket or a bag to use as well.[2]
- You don't need to sort the laundry at this point. Just focus on getting it all into the hamper.
- Dispose of all of the trash in the room. Simply removing all of the trash can make cleaning the room seem far less overwhelming. Place a bin next to you and get rid of any trash you can see. You can recycle what you find if it's possible, otherwise just throw the trash directly into the bin.[3]
- If you are unsure about if you want to keep an item, keep it for the time being rather than wasting time deciding. You can always come back to it at a later point.
- Transfer all of the dishes to the kitchen sink. Unwashed dishes can really add to the clutter in a room. Pile up any used plates, bowls, cups, and cutlery that you can find and take them to the kitchen. Stack them neatly in the sink to wash after you finish cleaning the room.[4]
- Getting rid of the dirty dishes will also help the room to smell clean and fresh.
- Create piles of similar items that belong in the room but aren't put away. As you work through the clutter, make small groups of items that need to be put away. Groups such as shoes, clean clothes, books, toys, paperwork, and electronics work well. You can also create smaller categories within each group, like if the books belong on the bookshelf or on the bedside table, or if the clean clothes go in the wardrobe or in the dresser.[5]
- Don't worry about putting away the items yet, as you can work on that later.
- Place all miscellaneous items that don't belong in the room in a box. Get the biggest container or cardboard box that you can find and place it next to you as you work through the room. Put the items that don't belong in that room into the box to deal with later. These items might be things like bills, books, cosmetics, and magazines.
- You don't need to sort through every drawer and cupboard to try decide what to keep and what to throw away. Simply work on the things you can easily see and save going through any hidden clutter for a later stage.[6]
[Edit]Organizing the Room - Put away clean clothes and shoes in the wardrobe or dresser. Hang up all of the clean clothes on hangers and then arrange them in the wardrobe. Alternatively, fold all of the clothes neatly and place them into a dresser. Make sure to organize them into groups like T-shirts, shorts, and sweaters so that you can find everything easily. Keep all of your shoes lined up on the wardrobe floor or on a rack.[7]
- If there are clothes that you don't wear often and there isn't much space, you can store these in storage containers that fit under the bed.
- Place all of the books on a bookcase or in storage containers. Keep books that you read often within easy reach and store away books that you don't use as frequently. You could organize the books on a shelf by author, height, or color. You can also use containers or baskets to organize similar books and keep the containers on a shelf.[8]
- For kids that have favorite books, keep these together in a basket on the floor so that they can reach them easily.[9]
- Store all of the toys in easy-to-reach storage containers and boxes. Sort the pile of toys into smaller categories such as dolls and action figures, blocks, stuffed animals, and craft supplies. Store each category together so that all similar items can be easily found. For example, stuffed animals could go in a large basket on the floor and blocks could go in a large, plastic container that fits under the bed.[10]
- Dolls and action figures could go into storage baskets that sit on a shelf and craft supplies might belong in a box in the wardrobe.
- If each toy has a designated place to go, this helps kids to learn where to put things away.
- Return all of the miscellaneous items that don't belong in the room. Work through all of the items in the large box or container and place them back where they belong. If you come across an item you don't need or want, donate, recycle, or throw it away to clear up a bit of free space.[11]
- Make sure to put the items back exactly where they go rather than just piling them in a different room, as this creates a bigger mess for you to deal with in the future.
[Edit]Cleaning Up - Remove the dust from the ceiling fan if you have one. Dust very easily accumulates on ceiling fans! Spray multi-purpose cleaner on a cleaning cloth or a paper towel. Then wipe down each fan blade starting from the center of the fan fixture and ending at the tip of the blade. Alternatively, you can use a ceiling fan duster instead.[12]
- Always turn the fan off before you clean it.
- Dust the light fixtures using a cleaning cloth. Turn off the light before you begin so that you don't burn your hand. Then get a soft cloth and stand up on the bed or on a chair. Wipe down the inside and the outside of the light fixture to remove any dust or dirt.[13]
- It's best to keep your old sheets on the bed while you do this in case any dust or spiderwebs fall.
- Clean any mirrors in the room. Get a clean microfiber cloth and dampen it very lightly with warm water. Buff the mirror using small, circular motions to remove any grime. If there are stubborn marks, try using a tiny amount of dish soap with the warm water and scrub the mark to remove it.[14]
- Excess water on mirrors can cause streaks. Use a dry microfiber cloth to wipe down the mirror if you notice any excess water.
- Wipe the windows with window cleaner. Having clear windows will make the room look even brighter. Get a microfiber cloth and lightly spray the window with window cleaner. Wipe the window down using the cloth to remove any dust, dirt, or stains. Then use a dry cloth to remove any excess cleaner and to keep the window streak-free![15]
- Avoid using newspaper to clean the windows, as the ink can run.
- Use a vacuum cleaner to clean the blinds or wash the curtains. Close the blinds and place the brush attachment on the vacuum cleaner. Run the vacuum over each individual blind to remove all of the dust and dirt. Then turn the blinds to the opposite direction and vacuum the other side.[16]
- You can dust each blind individually, however, this may take longer.
- If you have curtains, remove and wash them (following the care tag instructions) every 2-3 months.
- Dust all of the surfaces in the room. Use a microfiber cloth to dust any surfaces like tables, window sills, and cabinets. Always start from the highest surface and work your way down towards the floor. This stops dust from accumulating where you have already cleaned.[17]
- Don't forget to dust any art, accessories, door frames, or mirrors.[18]
- Wipe down all of the surfaces to get a sparkling clean. Make the surfaces look even better after dusting! Use a clean microfiber cloth and spray a small amount of multi-purpose cleaner on the surface. Work in small, circular motions and wipe down the surface with the cloth. This helps to freshen up the room.[19]
- If there is a stubborn or sticky stain, try letting the multi-purpose cleaner sit for 2-3 minutes before wiping it away.
- Sweep and mop or vacuum the floor. Now that the floor is clear, it's time to remove any dust or dirt and get it looking great! You can vacuum any floor type, and sweep and mop floors that aren't carpet. Make sure that you clean under furniture like beds, tables, and couches where dust can easily build up.[20]
- You may need to move some furniture out of the way to get a thorough clean.
- If you mop the floor, let it dry before you stand on it again.
- Do the laundry. Sort through the laundry hamper and begin washing all of the items. When the laundry is clean, dry all of the items either using a clothes dryer or by hanging them on a clothesline. When everything is dry, fold all of the items neatly and put them away in the right place. You could hang up clothes like dresses, jackets, and shirts, and keep T-shirts, socks, and trousers folded in a dresser.[21]
- Make sure to return the laundry hamper to the room when you're done.
- Wash the dishes. Rinse the stack of dishes that you placed in the kitchen sink. Then either hand wash all of the dishes or place them into a dishwasher. When the dishes are clean, use a tea towel to dry them off. Put all of the dishes back in the right spot in the kitchen and make sure to stack plates and bowls neatly.[22]
- It can be helpful to avoid eating in your room so that dishes don't accumulate. Try eating in the kitchen, dining room, or living room instead.
[Edit]Maintaining a Clean Room - Try to clean up as you go to avoid needing to deep-clean. Mess is much easier to deal with when it's first made, rather than letting it pile up. Set a regular laundry schedule and clean up any dishes in the room as soon as you are done eating. If you notice clutter piling up, put it away as soon as possible rather than letting it get bigger and more overwhelming.[23]
- Little things like putting your shoes and coat away in the right spot as soon as you take them off can really help.[24]
- Prioritize 1-3 cleaning tasks to get done each day. Look at the amount of time that you have every day to clean and set a few realistic tasks that you can accomplish during that time. You could wipe down a table, vacuum under a bed, or clean a mirror. However, try not to set yourself too many tasks, as it may feel overwhelming.[25]
- Accomplishing even just 1 small cleaning task each day goes a long way to keep your whole home staying neat and tidy.
- Spend 5-10 minutes tidying up before you go to bed. It's much easier to do a small amount of tidying up before you go to sleep, rather than having to face it in the morning. You could put away some toys, take the trash out, or clear the bedside table.[26]
- You don't have to do any major cleaning during this time, as the little things really add up! You could also put away books, fold clothes, or lightly dust the surfaces.
- Make your bed every day as soon as you get up. Although it can seem like a nuisance, a made bed turns your bedroom into a calm, restful sanctuary. Spend a few minutes tucking in the sheets, smoothing out the comforter, and positioning the pillows.[27]
- Simplifying your bedding can make it easier to stay committed to making your bed. For example, instead of using a top sheet, just use a washable comforter instead. Alternatively, you can get rid of any decorative pillows to make the process faster.
- Get your whole household involved in cleaning if you can. Keeping things clean and orderly is much easier when you have extra help, whether it's just for a single room or a whole home. Give each person a few designated chores to do. Young children can learn to put their toys and shoes in the right place, and older kids can vacuum or make their beds.[28]
- It can be helpful to make a chore list and keep it in a place that everyone can see. This makes it clear about who has each responsibility.
[Edit]Warnings - Used dishes and dirty clothes can become a health risk if they are left uncleaned for long enough, due to mold, insects, and bacteria.[29]
[Edit]Related wikiHows [Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
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