| How to Cite a Webinar Posted: 05 Sep 2020 01:00 AM PDT Webinars often provide a lot of useful information in a format that's easy to understand. You can even use a webinar as a source for a research paper or article — the question is how you cite the source. While citation styles typically don't have a format specifically for webinars, you can generally use the same format you would for any other lecture or presentation. Your in-text citation and reference list entry will look a bit different depending on whether you're following Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), or Chicago style. - Start your Works Cited entry with the name of the presenter. Type the presenter's last name first, followed by a comma, then type their first name. Place a period at the end of the presenter's name.[1]
- Add the title of the webinar. Provide the complete title for the webinar using title case, in which you capitalize the first word plus all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. Put a period at the end of the title. In MLA style, the title is written like a course title, without any quotation marks or italics.[2]
- Example: Saylor, Julie. Researching the History of a House.
- List the name of the organization that sponsored the webinar. Type the name of the organization after the title, followed by a comma. The sponsoring organization is usually a school or university, but could also be a government agency, nonprofit organization, or business.[3]
- Example: Saylor, Julie. Researching the History of a House. Maryland State Library,
- Provide the date the webinar happened or was posted. Use day-month-year format for the date, abbreviating all months with more than 4 letters. Place a period at the end of the date.[4]
- Example: Saylor, Julie. Researching the History of a House. Maryland State Library, 5 Dec. 2019.
- Close with a URL if a recording of the webinar is posted online. If the webinar is publicly available on the internet, copy the URL and paste it to the end of your Works Cited entry. Leave off the "https//:" portion of the URL. Place a period at the end.[5]
- Example: Saylor, Julie. Researching the History of a House. Maryland State Library, 5 Dec. 2019. https://www.slrc.info/development/webinar_archive.aspx?id=573.
- If the webinar isn't posted online, use the word "Webinar" in place of the URL. For example: Saylor, Julie. Researching the History of a House. Maryland State Library, 5 Dec. 2019. Webinar.
- Use the presenter's last name for your in-text citations. Whenever you paraphrase or quote from the webinar in your paper, add a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence with the presenter's name. Keep your citation inside the closing punctuation for the sentence.[6]
- For example, you might write: In an old home, the materials used in the building itself can provide clues about its history (Saylor).
- If you're citing from a video of the webinar on the internet, include the range of hours, minutes, and seconds you're referencing in your in-text citation. For example, you might write: The research of the history of a house starts within the house itself (Taylor 4:30-4:32).
- Type the name of the presenter to start your Reference List entry. Put the presenter's last name first, followed by their first initial. If there are several presenters (such as a panel of experts), separate each of the names with a comma, placing an ampersand (&) before the final presenter's name.[7]
- Example: Kane, J., Yasar, R., Carkenord, B., & McCoy, L.
- Provide the date of the webinar. Type the date in parentheses after the name of the presenter. Use as precise a date as you have, putting the year first, followed by a comma, then the month and the day. Don't abbreviate the name of the month. Place a period at the end, outside the closing parenthesis.[8]
- Example: Kane, J., Yasar, R., Carkenord, B., & McCoy, L. (2020, March 6).
- Add the title of the webinar along with a description of the medium. Type the title of the webinar in italics. Use sentence case, capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns. Put the word "Webinar" in square brackets after the title as a description of the medium. Place a period outside the closing square brackets.[9]
- Example: Kane, J., Yasar, R., Carkenord, B., & McCoy, L. (2020, March 6). Women in business analysis [Webinar].
- Include the name of the sponsoring organization. Type the name of the sponsoring organization as the "publisher" of the webinar. Add a period after the name of the organization. Typically, the organization will be a university, nonprofit, government agency, or business.[10]
- Example: Kane, J., Yasar, R., Carkenord, B., & McCoy, L. (2020, March 6). Women in business analysis [Webinar]. International Institute of Business Analytics.
- Close with a URL for the recording of the webinar. If the webinar is available online, copy the direct URL for the recording and paste it at the end of your Reference List entry. Don't put a period at the end of the URL.[11]
- Example: Kane, J., Yasar, R., Carkenord, B., & McCoy, L. (2020, March 6). Women in business analysis [Webinar]. International Institute of Business Analytics. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSD_g2jLLAQ
- If a recording of the webinar isn't posted online, you only need an in-text citation, not a Reference List entry.
- Use the presenter's name, year, and time-stamp for in-text citations. Whenever you paraphrase or quote from a recorded webinar in your paper, include a parenthetical at the end of the sentence, inside the closing punctuation. Type the presenter's last name, the year the webinar was presented, and the time-stamp where the material you referenced is located in the video. Separate these elements with commas.[12] If there are multiple presenters, use only the last name of the first presenter listed in your Reference List entry, followed by the abbreviation "et al."[13]
- For example, you might write: The growing field of business analysis provides a lot of opportunities for women (Kane, 2020, 12:02).
- If you include the presenter's name in the text of your paper, place a parenthetical with the year and the time-stamp immediately after the name. For example, you might write: Jodie Kane (2020, 12:02) noted that women in business analysis, globally, have a higher average salary than men.
[Edit]Chicago - Put the presenter's name first in your Bibliography entry. Type the presenter's last name, followed by a comma, then add their first name. Place a period at the end of the presenter's name.[14]
- Example: Fraser, Brytani.
- Add the title of the webinar in quotation marks. Type the title of the webinar in title case, capitalizing the first word plus all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. Place a period at the end of the title, inside the closing quotation marks. If the title has internal punctuation, copy it exactly as it is in the title.[15]
- Example: Fraser, Brytani. "Ditch Crafts. Make Art."
- List the medium, sponsoring organization, location, and date. Since this is a webinar, type "Webinar from" followed by the name of the sponsoring organization. Place a comma after the organization's name, then add the location of the organization. Add a comma after the location, then type the date the webinar was presented in month-day-year format. Don't abbreviate the name of the month. Place a period at the end of the date.[16]
- Example: Fraser, Brytani. "Ditch Crafts. Make Art." Webinar from Maryland State Library, Baltimore, MD, October 24, 2019.
- Add the URL to the end if a recording is available online. Copy the direct URL for the video of the webinar and paste it onto the end of your Bibliography entry. Add a period to the end of the URL.[17]
- Example: Fraser, Brytani. "Ditch Crafts. Make Art." Webinar from Maryland State Library, Baltimore, MD, October 24, 2019. https://www.slrc.info/development/webinar_archive.aspx?id=573.
- Use the same information in a different format for footnotes. At least your first footnote to the webinar in the text of your paper will include all the same information as the Bibliography entry. However, you'll reverse the order of the name and use commas instead of periods between the elements. Put the "publication" information (the medium, sponsoring organization, location, and date) in parentheses. The only period in your footnote comes at the end.[18]
- Example: Brytani Fraser, "Ditch Crafts. Make Art," (webinar from Maryland State Library, Baltimore, MD, October 24, 2019), https://www.slrc.info/development/webinar_archive.aspx?id=573.
- In subsequent citations, you can use a shortened form that includes only the presenter's last name and the title of the webinar. For example: Fraser, "Ditch Crafts. Make Art."
- If the presenter's name isn't listed in the information for the webinar, they'll usually introduce themselves in the first few minutes.[19] If the webinar doesn't include a slide with the correct spelling of their name, try searching it online along with the name of the sponsoring organization or the title of the webinar to get the spelling right.
[Edit]Warnings - This article covers how to cite a webinar using the MLA 8th edition (2016), the APA 7th edition (2019), and the Chicago Manual 17th edition (2017). Check with your instructor or editor to confirm which edition you need to use.
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| How to Measure Spaghetti Posted: 04 Sep 2020 05:00 PM PDT Most of the time when cooking spaghetti, it's tempting to just eyeball a serving size rather than measure out carefully. But sometimes getting exact amounts of servings is important, like if you are following a recipe and trying to keep a good sauce to pasta ratio or make enough for a group of people, or if you are trying to stick to a certain diet that calls for an exact amount of servings. No matter the reason, there are various methods using kitchen tools or household objects to measure out perfect or approximate serving sizes of spaghetti. [Edit]Measuring with Kitchen Tools - Weigh of dry spaghetti on a kitchen scale. This is the most exact method of measuring serving sizes. If you have a kitchen scale, take some of the dry spaghetti out of the box, place it on the scale, and see what the initial measurement is. Then add or remove as necessary to reach the desired amount of pasta servings.
- If you do not have a kitchen scale, they are available to purchase at many retailers.[1] These are very useful devices for people who enjoy cooking.
- Use a spaghetti-measuring tool if one is available. These are small devices with various-sized holes cut into them, and each hole equals a different number of servings, typically 1 serving up to 4 servings. Take a small amount of dry spaghetti out of the box and put it through the hole that matches the number of servings you want to make. Add spaghetti noodles to fill the hole completely.
- If you do not already own one of these convenient tools, they are available at many kitchenware stores retailers[2]
- Fill the hole in a pasta spoon to quickly go from measuring to cooking. If you have always wondered what that hole in your pasta spoon is for, it functions in the same way as a spaghetti-measuring tool![3] Put a small amount of the dry spaghetti through the hole in the middle of the spoon and add then add noodles until the hole is filled. Once filled, release the spaghetti into the pot. Repeat this as necessary if you are making more than one serving.
[Edit]Estimating a Serving without Specific Tools - Compare the size of a small bunch of noodles to a U.S. quarter. 1 serving of spaghetti, when bunched into a circle, has a diameter of . This is the same size as a U.S. quarter. If you have one of those around, gather a small bunch of spaghetti and line it up on top of a quarter. Add noodles until the quarter is completely blocked by the spaghetti, but not more than fits on top.[4]
- Fit a serving of noodles through the top of a soda bottle. The hole in the top of a soda bottle just so happens to also be approximately the same diameter as a serving of spaghetti. To measure this way, stand the bottle upright on a table and place a small amount of noodles into the bottle. You should continue to hold the noodles so they don't spread out and mess up the measurement. Add more spaghetti until the bottle's opening is filled in.[5]
- If you like this method but don't want to have an empty soda bottle taking up counter or storage space, cut off the top and keep it in a drawer. Use it as you would a spaghetti-measuring tool.
- Approximate a serving by making a circle with your fingers. This method is less exact than the others because everyone has different sized hands, but if you don't have the necessary tools for the other methods, it can be a good rough estimate. Make a circle with your thumb and pointer finger; try to approximate the size of a bottle top. Using your other hand so as to not mess up the circle, place the spaghetti noodles through your fingers until the circle is filled.[6]
- Divide the box of spaghetti into the amount of servings it holds. Boxes of spaghetti will have the total number of servings included on the nutrition label. Carefully pour out all of the spaghetti onto a flat surface and divide this pile into equal sections that match the number of servings as stated on the label. Put the piles into bags or containers and use them as needed.[7]
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| How to Keep a Notebook Organized Posted: 04 Sep 2020 09:00 AM PDT Your notebook might be essential equipment for school, work, or just jotting down your daily thoughts, but it's only useful if you can easily find your notes. Of course, your notebook can only be truly organized if you write (or rewrite) organized notes! Staying organized is also easier with a good quality, functional notebook, especially if you make quick additions like a table of contents and color-coded index. [Edit]Taking Good Notes - Do prep work for the class, meeting, or other note-taking opportunity. Taking better notes in class, for example, starts with doing the assigned readings before class! Likewise, to take better notes during a meeting, go over any pre-circulated materials carefully. By making the material less of a surprise, you'll find it easier to follow along and identify the key points you need to jot down.[1]
- If you don't have any readings or pre-circulated materials do go over, do a bit of quick research on the topic so you have some idea about what's coming.
- Choose a good note-taking spot where you can see and hear clearly. Yes, the best note-takers usually do sit near the front of the class! Hearing the speaker clearly makes note-taking much easier. So does being able to see any slides or visual materials clearly—along with the facial expressions and body language of the speaker.[2]
- Talk to your teacher, supervisor, etc., if you need any special accommodations so that you can see and hear more clearly.
- Focus on writing down key points, identified by signal phrases and actions. The key to good note-taking is knowing what to write down and what not to write down. Look for signals, such as particular phrases or uses of body language, to pick out the key points you should write down. For example:[3]
- Listen closely to what comes after signal phrases like, "To sum up," "There are X reasons why…," "However," "Once again," and "Let me repeat."
- Keep an eye (and ear) out for the speaker repeating a phrase—this usually means it's important!
- Watch for signal gestures like pointing, tapping their fist into their palm, and opening their arms wide.
- Pay attention when the speaker raises their voice and/or speaks more slowly.
- Create a shorthand writing system that you can easily decipher. You can take notes much more efficiently by using abbreviations, symbols, diagrams, sketches, and other shorthand techniques. If you're making up your own shorthand system, though, make sure you can decipher it easily when reading over your notes![4]
- For example, if you use "CW" to denote the American Civil War but can't remember what it stands for when you're studying, you'll end up wasting more time than you would have by writing out the entire phrase each time.
[Edit]Using Note-Taking Methods - Place less organized and more organized notes on side-by-side pages. This method basically turns one notebook into two. With the notebook open, use the page to the left of the binding to jot down notes, make quick sketches, add reminders, and so on in a fairly haphazard way. At least once per day, rewrite this information in a more organized manner on the page to the right of the binding.[5]
- Don't think of rewriting your notes as a waste of time. In addition to getting the material better organized, rewriting helps you commit the information to memory more effectively. This can be very helpful for test prep!
- Give your note pages a consistent structure with the Cornell method. Draw a horizontal line from the bottom of the blank note page and label the area below it "Summary." Draw a vertical line from the left edge and label the area to the left of it "Cues." Label the remaining area of the page "Notes."[6]
- Use the "Notes" section to write down notes in real time, without worrying much about keeping things organized.
- Shortly after adding material to the "Notes" section, write down clarifying questions and comments in the "Cues" section.
- At the end of the day, summarize the entire content of the page in 2-4 sentences in the "Summary" section.
- Jot down your notes in a basic outline format as a simple approach. If you prefer to keep your notes more organized from the start (instead of by adding to them or re-writing them later), try outlining as you go. Write down key words and main topics along the left edge of the paper. Indent (move in) about from the left edge when you add supporting details below the main topic. Indent again if you add supporting details to the supporting details![7]
- If you want your outline to be a bit more formal, use a mix of Roman numerals, letters, and Arabic numerals as labels. For instance:
- I. main topic
- A. supporting note for main topic (I)
- 1. supporting note for (A)
- a. supporting note for (1)
- i. supporting note for (a)
- Try mind mapping if you're a visual learner. Draw a circle in the middle of the note page and write down the key words or main topic of your notes—for example, the topic of the lecture or presentation you're listening to. Write down important supporting information in slightly smaller circles surrounding the central circle, then connect the circles with thicker lines. Repeat the process with even smaller circles and thinner connecting lines.
- You may find it useful to do mind-mapping on one page of your open notebook, then re-write the notes afterward in a basic outline format on the other page.
- Use the note-taking system that works best for you. There's no single note-taking method that's best for everyone. Try different options, such as Cornell notes and mind-mapping, and figure out what feels and functions best in your case. Once you find what works, stick with it!
- For additional guidance, get tips from a teacher, tutor, or classmate who's a good note-taker, or visit your university's writing center if you're in college.
[Edit]Indexing Your Notes - Add page numbers if your notebook doesn't have any. Not all notebooks use page numbers, but yours should! If the pages aren't numbered already, simply jot down the page number as you move on to each new page.[8]
- Even if you end up using color-coding to help index your notes, adding page numbers is vital to a useful table of contents.
- Leave several pages at the front for an ongoing table of contents. For an average notebook, leaving 3-5 blank pages at the front is probably sufficient. The key part is to fill in this space regularly! Add a brief entry to your table of contents each time you complete a page or add something important to your notebook.[9]
- You might include entries by date, for example: "pg. 21-22: April 15, 2020."
- Or, you might describe the entry: "pg. 35-37: Fall of the Roman Empire."
- Start an ongoing subject index at the back of the notebook. Starting at the bottom of the last page, write down index categories that make sense based on how you're using the notebook. Add new index categories as you go, and jot down the relevant page numbers for each category. For the best results, create an index that uses page numbers and the color-coding method described in the next step.[10]
- Your index categories might be things like "Meetings," "Test Results," "Contacts," "Brainstorms," "Sample Sketches," "Essay Outlines," and so on.
- Color code the page edges for your index entries and notes. Right next to an index entry, such as "Meetings," use a marker or highlighter or add a specific color to the thin edge of the page. Use this same particular color to mark the locations in your notes that are related to the index entry.[11]
- This method makes it easy to flip through your notebook and find any or all instances of similar materials. For example, if you have "Brainstorms" scattered throughout your notebook, you can quickly find all of them.
- Some people use color-coded sticky tabs instead, but these have a habit of falling out!
[Edit]Personalizing Your Notebook - Purchase a notebook that can stand up to heavy use. A notebook that's falling apart is more difficult to keep organized, especially if the pages are torn or falling out. Look for a notebook with a sturdy cover, a secure binding, and thicker pages, especially if you'll be stashing it in your pocket or throwing it in your bag.[12]
- Not all sturdy notebooks are expensive, and not all expensive notebooks are sturdy. Shop around and pick out a notebook that looks and feels both sturdy and functional.
- Size matters! Pick a notebook that fits the spot where you'll keep it. Cramming a notebook that's too big into a desk drawer that's too small will lead to damage and disorganization.
- A notebook that looks beat up can feel disorganized, even if it's as well-organized as a notebook that's in better shape. Alternatively, a notebook that looks well-kept can feel more organized.
- Buy a structured notebook if its layout suits your needs. A simple notebook with either lined or unlined pages may do the job perfectly well, especially if you plan on using your own organizing system. However, you may find it easier to stay organized if your notebook does some of the organizing for you! Especially if you're buying a notebook for a specific purpose, consider options that are tailor-made for that use.
- If you use your notebook largely for scheduling, for example, it may make sense to pick one that has a daily or weekly calendar layout.
- Some notebooks are intended for use with a specific note-taking system—Bullet Journal is one such example.
- Place key identifying information on the inside cover or first page. The world's best-organized notebook won't do you any good if you lose it and can't get it back! Place your name and some basic contact information right inside the front cover, along with the subject(s) and date range of the notebook.[13]
- While writing your name down makes it easier for someone to return a lost notebook to you, writing down the subject matter and date range helps you keep multiple notebooks organized.
- Write down personal goals or inspirational messages in key spots. This might seem like an unnecessary addition that won't make your notebook any more organized. However, it can help keep you more focused and organized. Pick some high-visibility spots in the notebook—the first page, right after a section separator, etc.—to write down a few quick nuggets of self-motivation and inspiration.
- Depending on your situation and your personality, you might respond, for instance, to a self-challenge: "Make the honor roll this grading period."
- Or, you might be better served with an uplifting message: "I can do this!"
- You may find it useful to keep both a "messy" and "neat" notebook. Use the former as your "carry along" notebook to jot down notes during the day. Then, at the end of the day, transfer your notes in a more organized fashion into the "neat" notebook that you keep at home.[14]
- Similarly to keeping "messy" and "neat" notebooks, you can jot down your notes by hand during the day, then use digital tools—such as phone apps, word processing software, document scanners, and so on—to reorganize your daily notes digitally.[15]
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